<p>The Plummer Building in Rochester, Minnesota, is one of the many architecturally significant buildings on the Mayo Clinic campus. This new "Mayo Clinic" building, opened in 1928, added much needed space to the ever-expanding Mayo practice. The architect of record is Ellerbe & Co, now AECOM. It was the third building designed by the firm for the Mayo Clinic. The Mayo Clinic Buildings were listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1969, and the Plummer Building was further designated as USA National Historic Landmark a week later, designated as Mayo Clinic Building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The early design collaboration between Henry Stanley Plummer and Franklin Ellerbe established the model for future generations of new clinic and hospital buildings. The new 1928 Art Deco Mayo Clinic building was the physical manifestation of the early Mayo partners (Drs. Will and Charlie Mayo, Dr. Stinchfield, Dr. Graham, Dr. Judd, Dr. Henry Plummer, Dr. Millet, and Dr. Balfour) desire to create the first integrated private group practice.</p><br>
<p>When the building was complete it was the tallest building in Rochester until 2001 when the nearby Gonda Building was completed.</p><br>
<p>It is topped by a distinctive terra-cotta trimmed tower which contains a 56-bell carillon. The carillon is played daily, and its music can be heard throughout downtown. The tower is lit by floodlights every night and is a centerpiece of the citys skyline. Ray Corwin, of Ellerbe and Round, designed the buildings decorative elements. Corwin also was responsible for the design of the decorative elements found in the Chateau Theatre and Oakwood Cemetery gate.</p><br>
<p>The Plummer Building is among the more than 200 structures designed by the Ellerbe firm in Rochester. They are also the architect of record for other Mayo buildings including the 1914 "Red" Clinic building, the 1922 Mayo Institute for Experimental Medicine building, the 1954 Clinic building, and the 2002 Gonda Building, as well as the Rochester Methodist Hospital.</p><br>
<p>Its 4,000 lb ornamental bronze doors nearly always stand open, symbolizing eternal willingness to accept those in medical need. They have been closed only to commemorate notable events in Mayo or national history.</p><br>
<p>The former Santa Fe Railway Shops in Albuquerque, New Mexico, consist of eighteen surviving buildings erected between 1915 and 1925. The complex is located south of downtown in the Barelas neighborhood, bounded by Second Street, Hazeldine Avenue, Commercial Street, and Pacific Avenue. The shops were one of four major maintenance facilities constructed by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, the others being located in Topeka, Kansas, Cleburne, Texas, and San Bernardino, California. The railway shops were the largest employer in the city during the railroad&#39;s heyday. Currently they have been empty for years but a variety of plans have been proposed for the historic complex.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Railroad shops and a roundhouse were first erected on the site in the 1880s, after Albuquerque was designated as the division point between the AT&SF railway and the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. After buying out the A&P in 1902, the Santa Fe Railway began expanding and modernizing the old A&P shops in 1912. The first buildings to be completed were the roundhouse, storehouse, power station, and freight car shops, all of which were located south of the surviving complex near the present Bridge Boulevard overpass. These structures have since been demolished, but the subsequent buildings completed after 1915 are all still standing.</p><br>
<p>The current railyard buildings were constructed between 1915 and 1925. The shops became Albuquerques largest employer, with 970 employees (then about a quarter of the citys workforce) in 1919, and a peak of 1,500 in the 1940s. The core operation was maintenance of steam locomotives, which required a complete rebuild every 12 to 18 months. At their peak, the Albuquerque shops completed around 40 such overhauls per month. However, activity at the railyard declined in the 1950s as the Santa Fe transitioned from steam to diesel locomotives. The railroad decided to locate its diesel repair facilities at the Cleburne and San Bernardino yards, scaling back operations in Albuquerque to around 200 employees. The shops continued to operate as maintenance-of-way equipment repair shops into the 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<h3>Erection/Machine shop</h3><br>
<p>By far the largest building at the railyard is the erection and machine shop, which spans the full width of the site from Second to Commercial and contains about 165,000 ft&sup2; of floor space. The building was designed in 1920 and built in eight months starting in February 1921. The erection shop and machine shop are within one building, separated by a wall on the south side of the erection shop. At the time it was considered to be at the forefront of industrial design, comparable to the Glass Plant at the Ford River Rouge Complex in Michigan. The building has a steel structure, with uninterrupted glass curtain walls on the north and south faces and more substantial reinforced concrete facades on the east and west sides. The expansive main bay (erection shop) is 57 ft high and 604 ft long with several overhead cranes, the largest of which has a 250-ton capacity. The building is floored with wooden blocks to cut down on noise.</p><br>
<h3>Boiler shop</h3><br>
<p>The smaller boiler shop, which was completed in 1923, stands to the north of the erection shop and is similar to it in design and appearance. It has a floor area of 58,100 ft&sup2;. Like the erection shop, the boiler shop employs a cross-axial design with track rail perpendicular to the main axis of the building.</p><br>
<h3>Blacksmith shop</h3><br>
<p>The blacksmith shop was completed in 1917 and stands to the east of the boiler shop. It is the third largest building on the site at approximately 25,000 ft&sup2;. The building is of steel frame construction with brick and glass exterior walls. The blacksmith shop was responsible for repairing cracked locomotive frames as well as forging replacement parts.</p><br>
<h3>Fire station</h3><br>
<p>Another significant structure is the fire station, a rustic, Mediterranean-style building with sandstone walls, crenelated parapets, and an asymmetrical corner tower. It was designed by E.A. Harrison and stands on the northwest corner of the railyard complex, near the intersection of First and Second streets. Built in 1920, it is the oldest surviving fire station in Albuquerque. The building has been designated an Albuquerque historic landmark and is thus protected from alteration without city approval.</p><br>
<h3>Other buildings</h3><br>
<p>The complex includes around a dozen other buildings including the flue shop (1920), tank shop (1925), and storehouse (1915).</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Various ideas have been discussed for reusing the Santa Fe shops, including a transportation museum to be called the, mixed-income housing, a multi-use retail and exposition center, and a state-of-the-art digital film studio. The complex was purchased by the city of Albuquerque in 2007 for $8.5 million. In 2011, a California-based developer was selected to lead the redevelopment of the site, but the contract was canceled in 2018 after little progress during the intervening years. Mayor Tim Keller tore up the contract at a press conference and announced that subsequent redevelopment efforts would be led by the city. The complex was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the city spent $900,000 to repair and stabilize the Blacksmith Shop building, hoping to rent it out for special events. Since 2014, the building has hosted the Rail Yards Market, a weekly farmers&#39; market which operates from May through October. As of 2018, the city plans to repair a second building to add more space for the market and other special events.</p><br>
<p>Since the 2000s, the unused railyard has become a popular filming location. Movies with scenes filmed there include Beerfest (2006), The Spirit (2008), Gamer (2009), Terminator Salvation (2009), and The Avengers (2012). The pilot episode of Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles also used the railyard as a location. Several Episodes of Sci-Fi&#39;s Lost Room were filmed there, as was the yet to be released 0000 movie. Several scenes in the AMC television series Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul were shot at the shops. The cover of the DVD for the Fifth Season of Breaking Bad is a photo of Walter White inside the shops.</p><br>
<p>Bok Tower Gardens is a 250 acre contemplative garden and bird sanctuary located atop Iron Mountain, north of Lake Wales, Florida, United States, created by Edward Bok in the 1920s. Formerly known as the Bok Mountain Lake Sanctuary and Singing Tower, the gardens&#39; attractions include the Singing Tower and its 60-bell carillon, the Bok Exedra, the Pinewood Estate now known as El Retiro, the Pine Ridge Trail, and the Visitor Center.</p><br>
<p>Bok Tower Gardens is a National Historic Landmark. The 205 ft Singing Tower was built upon one of the highest points of peninsular Florida, estimated to be 295 ft above sea level, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The national significance of the gardens and its tower come from their associations with Edward W. Bok and his team of designers. The adjacent Pinewood Estate is separately listed on the National Register as El Retiro.</p><br>
<p>Bok Tower Gardens is open daily and an admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>Edward William Bok, editor of the magazine The Ladies Home Journal, and his wife, Mary Louise Curtis Bok, spent the winter of 1921 in Florida, near Lake Wales Ridge after his retirement. The Boks loved the beauty of the area, and created a 25 acre bird sanctuary on the ridge&#39;s highest hill to protect the land from being developed. They commissioned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. to transform what then was an arid sandhill into "a spot of beauty second to none in the country".</p><br>
<p>The first year was spent digging trenches and laying pipes for irrigation, after which soil was brought to the site by thousands of truck loads and plantings began. Olmsted&#39;s plan included the planting of 1,000 large live oaks, 10,000 azaleas, 100 sabal palms, 300 magnolias, and 500 gordonias, as well as hundreds of fruit shrubs such as blueberry and holly. Attempts were made to introduce flamingos to the sanctuary several times, which is why early renderings of the tower show flamingos at the reflection pool rather than swans. Some of the flamingos did not survive winters that were cooler than those of southern Florida and others were killed by animals. The nightingales brought from England did not do well due to the relative cold of central Florida.</p><br>
<p>The gardens are currently ten times their original size, and feature acres of ferns, palms, oaks, pines, and wetland plants. The plantings also include camellias, tree ferns, creeping fig, yaupon and dahoon holly, Asiatic jasmine, Justicia, crinum and spider lily, monstera, wax myrtle, date and sabal palm, papyrus, philodendron, blue plumbago, and horsetail rush. The site is a refuge for more than a hundred bird species. Wild turkey and groups of sandhill cranes are also often seen wandering the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Singing Tower</h2><br>
<p>By 1925, Bok had decided to replace the bird sanctuarys water tower with a stone water-and-bell tower. He hired architect Milton B. Medary to design "the most beautiful tower in the world". The 60-bell carillon occupies only the top of the Singing Tower, some of the rest contained large water tanks to irrigate the gardens, with Boks baronial study at the base. The 15 ft-wide moat surrounding the tower&#39;s base now serves as a koi pond.</p><br>
<p>The Gothic Revival tower was built at the highest elevation of the site, south of a reflecting pool that reflects its full image. The tower is 51 ft square at its base, changing at the height of 150 ft to an octagon, with each of the eight sides 37 ft wide. It is built of pink Etowah marble and gray Creole marble, mined in Tate, Georgia, and coquina stone from St. Augustine, Florida.</p><br>
<p>Medary assembled a team of top artisans in their fields&mdash;the Art Deco architectural sculpture was designed and executed by Lee Lawrie, and depicts Florida flora and fauna; metalworker Samuel Yellin designed and executed the iron interior staircase, the iron gates to the two bridges over the moat, and the Great Brass Door, which features 30 scenes from the Book of Genesis; J. H. Dulles Allen designed and executed the ceramic mosaics, including the eight 35 ft-tall grilles at the top of the tower. Horace H. Burrell & Son, of Philadelphia, was contractor for the tower. Construction began in 1927, and was completed two years later. Outgoing President Calvin Coolidge dedicated the tower on February 1, 1929.</p><br>
<p>The American Institute of Architects awarded Medary its 1929 Gold Medal for his Mountain Lake Sanctuary and Singing Tower. Medary died six months after the tower&#39;s dedication.</p><br>
<p>Edward W. Bok wrote a short book about the towers planning and construction titled, Americas Taj Mahal (1929). Bok died on January 9, 1930, and was interred before the tower&#39;s Great Brass Door.</p><br>
<h3>Carillon and interior</h3><br>
<p>The tower&#39;s 60-bell carillon was cast by John Taylor & Co, of Loughborough, England. The bell chamber is on the eighth floor of the tower, and just below it is a playing room that houses the clavier, or keyboard, that controls the bells. The bells are stationary, only the clappers move to sound them. The sixth floor is a studio for the carillonneur. Recitals are given daily.</p><br>
<p>The towers interior is not generally open to the public. The first floor was Edward W. Boks study, and is now called the Founder&#39;s Room. The second floor houses the Chao Research Center Archives, a collection of institutional records related to the tower. The third floor contains (now empty) water tanks, and the fourth floor is a work room. The fifth floor houses the Anton Brees Carillon Library, said to be the largest library of carillon music in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Bok Exedra</h2><br>
<p>In appreciation for Edward W. Bok&#39;s extraordinary gift of the gardens and tower to the nation, a group of his neighbors from Mountain Lake, Florida, commissioned an exedra, or curving bench, in his honor, in 1930. This was created using the same pink and gray marble as the Singing Tower, and installed north of the tower. One of its bronze plaques reads:</p><br>
<p>In 2022, Bok Tower Gardens received a matching grant of $500,000 from the Save America&#39;s Treasures program. While much of it was for landscaping restoration, a portion was to be used for "restoration and conservation of the Exedra water fountain".</p><br>
<h2>Pinewood Estate/El Retiro</h2><br>
<p>The Pinewood Estate comprises 8 acre of the gardens, and features a twenty-room Mediterranean Revival mansion. This was built between 1930 and 1932 as a winter residence by C. Austin Buck, vice-president of the Bethlehem Steel Company, in Pennsylvania. The mansion&#39;s former name was El Retiro, and it has been restored to its 1930s appearance. The El Retiro name is the one used for the estate as of 2023. Bok Tower Gardens hosts several events at the mansion during the year. The estate was entered into the National Register of Historic Places in December 1985. Guided tours of the mansion are given daily.</p><br>
<h2>Pine Ridge Trail</h2><br>
<p>The Pine Ridge Nature Preserve and Trail is an ecosystem typified by an over-story of longleaf pine, sandhill habitats, and a dense ground cover of perennial grasses that includes a nature trail that begins at the Window by the Pond and extends for three-quarters of a mile ending at the Visitor Center. The trail is located on one of the highest points in peninsular Florida at 298 ft above sea level. Long ago the Lake Wales Ridge was a chain of islands. The plants and animals found on the ridge are unique because they evolved on the chain of islands, which is why the most rare plants and animals can be found in this area. The Pine Ridge is home to several endangered animals including the gopher tortoise, eastern indigo snake, gopher frogs, and the Florida mouse. Conservation efforts for the pine trail by Bok Tower Gardens include restoration of native plants, the regulation of invasive species and educating the public.</p><br>
<h2>Visitor Center</h2><br>
<p>Originally built in 1997, Bok Tower Gardens Visitor Center completed a $1.8 million expansion in 2019. The Ting Tsung and Wei Fong Chao Exhibit Hall houses a redesigned exhibition showcasing the landmarks history, architecture, and surrounding wildlife and ecology. The information desk, an orientation film, a local art exhibit space, and the administrative offices are located in the Visitor Center. In separate buildings attached to the Visitor Center by covered walkways and a promenade are the Tower & Garden Gift Shop and the Blue Palmetto Café.</p><br>
<h2>Library and archives</h2><br>
<p>The Singing Tower houses collections that document the history and growth of the gardens and its buildings, along with Pinewood Estate. While the collections are closed to the public, selections from the archives are displayed in the Visitor Center.</p><br>
<h3>Anton Brees Carillon Library</h3><br>
<p>The Anton Brees Carillon Library was established in 1968 following the death of Anton Brees, the first carillonneur of the Singing Tower. The library is on the fifth floor of the tower. Its holdings are considered to be one of the largest collections of carillon-related materials in the world.</p><br>
<p>The collection includes more than 1,500 books, 200 scores for keyboard instruments, 3,000 scores and musical compositions for carillon, 1,600 audio and video recordings, and 15 international professional journals that include more than 900 individual volumes. The library also houses vertical files on international carillons, that include newspaper clippings, biographical information and concert programs. The holdings include the original blueprints and plans for the Singing Tower and gardens, and thousands of photographs and slides. Collections include The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America Archives, Ronald Barnes Collection, Anton Brees Collection, Sidney Giles Collection and Arthur Bigelow Collection.</p><br>
<h3>Chao Research Center Archives</h3><br>
<p>The Chao Research Center Archives holds the official papers of Bok Tower Gardens, along with related collections. It occupies the second floor of the Singing Tower, and was created through a donation from the Ting Tsung and Wei Fong Chao Foundation, in 2008. The papers include architectural and landscape architectural drawings, business papers, correspondence and other documents, all kept in delicate archival storage. Its holdings also include the Nellie Lee Bok Collection, the American Foundation Collection, and the Edward Bok Newspaper Scrapbook Collection.</p><br>
<p>The Nellie Lee Bok Collection features her personal communications, photographs, manuscript writings, and family possessions. The American Foundation Collection features newspaper scrapbooks, meeting minutes, publications, and other manuscript materials. The Edward Bok Newspaper Scrapbook Collection is made up of 42 bound scrapbooks filled with newspaper clippings about Bok&#39;s publications and charitable acts.</p><br>
<p>Access to the collections of the Chao Research Center Archives is available by appointment only.:</p><br>
<h3>Pinewood Estate Collections</h3><br>
<p>The Pinewood Estate Mansion features furniture, ceramics and other objects that were in the house prior to Bok Tower Gardens&#39; purchase of the property in 1970. Other collections held at Pinewood Estate include letters, promotional materials, and manuscripts. Pinewood Estate/El Retiro is open to visitors through most of the year at a small fee.</p><br>
<h3>Education</h3><br>
<p>All of the Education Departments programs and field trips align with the Florida Sunshine State Standards and Polk County Curriculum Maps. The lessons presented in the Education Departments curriculum guide cover academic areas such as science, nature, visual & performance arts, culture and history. The curriculum guide was created to help students explore and discover Bok Tower Gardens before, during and after their trip. Contained in the curriculum guide is detailed information about the gardens, the Singing Tower, the Pinewood Estate and the Visitor Center.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>Throughout the year, there are numerous events designed to draw visitors to the gardens. These vary year to year</p><br>
<p>but have included concerts featuring jazz and orchestral music, and the daily playing of the carillon bells. Most popular are the semi-annual evening symphony concerts, given once in the fall and once in the spring. These draw thousands of visitors to the large field in front of the Tower for an outdoor picnic, and feature music from both the orchestra and the carillon.</p><br>
<p>The Desert Biosphere Reserve and Experimental Range is a biosphere reserve and experimental range in western Millard County, Utah, United States, that is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The experimental range was established in 1933 when 87 square miles of public lands were designated "as an agricultural range experiment station" by President Herbert Hoover.</p><br>
<p>The range is maintained by the USA Forest Service&#39;s Rocky Mountain Research Station. It was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1976 but was withdrawn from the program as of June 14, 2017. It is located in the northwest of Pine Valley, a valley section in southwest Millard County, about 40 mi west of Milford; the north section of the reserve covers the southern half of the Tunnel Springs Mountains. It protects a landscape typical of the Great Basin, with its typical geography of north–south aligned mountain ranges separated by desert basins. Vegetation is typical of the Great Basin shrub steppe, with shadscale saltbush (Atriplex confertifolia) and sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) scrublands predominant. The reserve also includes areas of Single-leaf Pinyon (Pinus monophylla) juniper woodland and pasture land.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson Theatre is a historic performing arts theatre located on Fannin Street in downtown Beaumont, Texas. Designed by Emile Weil and built in 1927, it is an example of Old Spanish architecture and seats over 1400. The theatre was built by Jefferson Amusement Company, which was owned by Saenger Amusements. The theatre is featured on the National Register of Historic Places and recognized as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark. The theatre recently underwent a comprehensive multimillion-dollar renovation. It is also one of the few theatres in the country containing its original Morton organ, produced by the Robert Morton Organ Company.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed by the renowned architect Emile Weil, the Jefferson Theatre opened November 14, 1927 at a cost of nearly $1 million. Originally designed for Jefferson Amusement Company the theatre boasts a 3-manual, 8-rank Robert Morton organ. A five-day premiere of recently released "It&#39;s A Wonderful Life" (1946) was held at the Jefferson Theatre from March 4-8, 1947, with star James Stewart and director Frank Capra in attendance on March 4, 1947. The theatre closed in 1972 due to a loss of interest in downtown.</p><br>
<p>By 1997 the theatre was operational again, but was closed in September 2000 for a complete restoration and renovation. The 6.5 million dollar restoration was completed in 2003., the City of Beaumont operates the theatre while the Jefferson Theatre Preservation Society oversees the preservation, promotion and use of the theatre.</p><br>
<h2>Performances</h2><br>
<p>Since the renovation, a number of high-profile artists have performed at the theatre, including Joan Rivers, The Temptations, Lou Rawls, George Carlin, Doobie Brothers, and Lyle Lovett. The theatre also hosts various local acts and events and is home to an annual film festival.</p><br>
<h2>Hurricane Rita</h2><br>
<p>In September 2005, the Vince Vaughn Wild West Comedy Show performance was canceled due to Hurricane Rita (which damaged the theatre and prompted a temporary closure for maintenance and repairs). The theatre reopened for business in December 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Knight Library is the main facility of the University of Oregons  library system. It is located on the universitys campus in Eugene, Oregon, United States. The library design is emblematic of the architecture of the university&#39;s older buildings, and it serves as a hub of student activity. As of 2008 it has a collection of more than 3 million volumes. The library also holds collections of primary sources such as photographs and manuscripts on various topics at the Special Collections & University Archives. It is also a depository for the Federal Depository Library Program. The library was previously known as the Main Library and it was renamed the Knight Library in 1988, in honor of the family of Phil Knight.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and history</h2><br>
<p>The building was opened in 1937 to replace the original library building (the "Old Libe," Fenton Hall, completed in 1907), which the University&#39;s collections had outgrown. Construction of the library was financed as a Depression-era Works Progress Administration (WPA) project, spearheaded by Oregon senator Frederick Steiwer and took more than two years to complete. "The New Libe" as the Oregon Daily Emerald student newspaper had christened the building, was designed by Ellis F. Lawrence of the Oregon-based architectural firm Lawrence, Holford, and Allyn. Lawrence was also a driving force in much of the core architecture of the UO campus and was the first Dean of the School of Architecture and Allied Arts. The rich architecture of the building reflects an Art Deco aesthetic with "modernized Lombardy and Greco-Roman" elements as well as many integrated artistic embellishments including "the fifteen stone heads by Edna Dunberg and Louise Utter Pritchard, ornamental memorial gates by O. B. Dawson, carved wooden panels by Arthur Clough, and two large murals painted by Albert and Arthur Runquist."</p><br>
<p>Three major renovations of the library, in 1950, 1966, and 1994, have kept the building up-to-date and it is a daily hub of learning and research to University of Oregons more than 20,000 students. The $27 million renovation in 1994 added 132,000 square feet (12,000 m) to the building. The project was partially funded by Phil Knight, UO alumnus and cofounder of athletic shoe company Nike. The library was renamed Knight Library in honor of Knights family. Contrary to press reports, which claim Knight financed the whole project, Knight only financed a portion of the library&#39;s renovation. The state government contributed close to two thirds of the cost.</p><br>
<p>In late June 2020 UO officials said the original 1937 portion of Knight Library had been vandalized with paint on the sidewalk and the front door. The vandalism was directed at the phrase "our racial heritage" in a mission statement on a mural. According to KEZI news, the same mural words had been vandalized in 2018. Library staff had posted a statement a week earlier, "We will cover the Knight Library murals that contain racist content by October 1st."</p><br>
<h2>Collections</h2><br>
<p>The University of Oregon Special Collections & University Archives collects and preserves over 3000 collections of primary sources on a variety of topics. These collections range from rare books, manuscripts, original art, photographs, architectural drawings and many more. It is located on the second floor of the Knight Library of University of Oregon. They help not only students and community members, but also faculty research using special collections.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and Inscriptions</h2><br>
<p>The original 1937 section of the library, designed by Lawrence, contains inscriptions along the tops of each of seven large windows on the main (north) facade. These read, "Philosophia," "Historia," "Religio," "Ars," "Natura," "Societas," and "Litterae," and are meant to represent (in Latin), the seven major disciplines contained in the library&#39;s collection.</p><br>
<p>Above the main entry doors (also on the north facade), is a passage from the Bible (John 8:32), which proclaims over the northeast doors "Ye shall know the truth", and over the northwest doors "and the truth shall make you free."</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The University of Oregon Library and Memorial Quadrangle, which consists of the library and the quadrangle that spans from the north facade of the library to 13th Avenue, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. The quadrangle was part of E. F. Lawrence&#39;s design for the UO campus, and is bordered by the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art and Chapman Hall on the east, and Prince Lucien Campbell Hall and Condon Hall on the west. The landscaping of the quad includes eight English oak trees planted in 1940.</p><br>
<p>A pavement on the south of the memorial quadrangle features several inscriptions:</p><br>
<p>"Wonder, not doubt, is the root of knowledge" —Abraham Joshua Heschel</p><br>
<p>"Who asks, finds" —Arabic proverb</p><br>
<p>"Learning without thought is labor lost. Thought without learning is perilous" —Confucius</p><br>
<p>"Books are humanity in print" —Barbara Tuchman</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Texas State Cemetery  is a cemetery located on about 22 acre just east of downtown Austin, the capital of the USA state of Texas. Originally the burial place of Edward Burleson, Texas Revolutionary general and vice-president of the Republic of Texas, it was expanded into a Confederate cemetery during the Civil War. Later it was expanded again to include the graves and cenotaphs of prominent Texans and their spouses.</p><br>
<p>It is a popular tourist attraction and colloquially referred to as the "Arlington of Texas" because of the renown of those interred and proximity to the seat of government.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is divided into two sections. The smaller one contains around 900 graves of prominent Texans, while the larger has over 2,000 marked graves of Confederate veterans and widows. There is room for 7,500 interments; the cemetery is about half full, after including plots chosen by people who are eligible for burial.</p><br>
<h2>Burial guidelines</h2><br>
<p>The guidelines on who may be buried within the Texas State Cemetery were first established in 1953, and are currently set by Texas state law. Currently, all persons to be buried in the cemetery must be one of the following:</p><br>
<p>A former member of the legislature or a member who dies in office.</p><br>
<p>A former elected state official or an official who dies in office (e.g., Governors of Texas, Lieutenant Governors of Texas, state Attorneys-General and departmental commissioners).</p><br>
<p>State official appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Legislature who served at least 10 years in the office. After September 1, 2015, this criterion may be used only upon approval of the State Cemetery Committee if it finds the official made a significant contribution to Texas history.</p><br>
<p>Individual designated by governor&#39;s proclamation, concurrent resolution of the Legislature, or order of the State Cemetery Committee; but only after approval of the committee if it finds the individual made a significant contribution to Texas history. The statute as written permits the committee to deny burial under this criterion even if requested by the governor or Legislature.</p><br>
<p>The spouse of anyone meeting the above criteria.</p><br>
<p>The child of an eligible member, but only if he or she was dependent on another due to a long-standing physical or mental condition during the lifetime of one of the child&#39;s parents.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After the death of Edward Burleson in 1851, the Texas Legislature arranged for his burial on land formerly belonging to Andrew Jackson Hamilton. In 1854, the Legislature established a monument at Burlesons grave-site for $1,000 and purchased the surrounding land. The burial ground was virtually ignored until the Civil War, when Texas Confederate officers killed in battle were buried there. In 1864 and 1866 more land was purchased for veterans burials. An area of 1 acre was also set aside for graves of Union veterans (all but one later removed, to Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery in San Antonio). The remaining Union soldier is Antonio Briones, who was left at the request of his family. He is interred alone in the far northeast corner of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Because the Texas Confederate Mens Home and the Confederate Womens Home were located in Austin, more than two thousand Confederate veterans and widows are interred at the State Cemetery. Most were buried after 1889. The last Confederate veterans in the Cemetery were reinterred in 1944; the last widow, in 1963.</p><br>
<p>In 1932, the State Cemetery was little known and had no roads. There was a dirt road running through the grounds of the Cemetery linked to what was then called Onion Creek Highway. The road kept its highway status when Texas historian Louis Kemp brought it to the attention of the Texas Highway Department that the road running through the Cemetery should be paved. The roads, which are officially designated as State Highway 165, are dedicated to Kemp, and were for a time known as "Lou Kemp Highway". Kemp was also the driving force behind the reinterment of many early Texas figures in time for the Texas Centennial in 1936.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, but by the early 1990s, the State Cemetery had fallen into disrepair—suffering from vandalism and decay—and was unsafe to visit. In 1994, after noting the condition of the Cemetery, Lieutenant Governor Bob Bullock initiated a three-year project that added a visitor center and renovated the cemetery. In 1997, there was a re-dedication and a reopening of the State Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>A three-person Texas State Cemetery committee oversees operations at the cemetery. Thomas N. "Tom" Sellers (appointed by Governor Greg Abbott) is chairman. James L. Bayless (Speaker&#39;s appointment) and Carolyn Hodges (appointee of the lieutenant governor) also serve. Nathan Stephens is the Administrator and the senior historian is Will Erwin.</p><br>
<p>Former Governor and United States President George W. Bush announced his intention to be buried in the State Cemetery. However, in August 2018, Bush decided he and his wife will be buried at his presidential center following their deaths.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments and memorials</h2><br>
<p>Notable monuments and memorials within the cemetery include:</p><br>
<p>Black Legislators Monument</p><br>
<p>Gold Star Mothers Memorial</p><br>
<p>Medal of Honor Monument</p><br>
<p>Nine Men of Praha Monument</p><br>
<p>Purple Heart Monument</p><br>
<p>September 11, 2001 Monument</p><br>
<p>Texas Armed Forces Memorial Flagpole</p><br>
<p>Victory in Europe and Victory in Japan Day Monument</p><br>
<p>Vietnam Memorial</p><br>
<h2>Statistics</h2><br>
<p>As of 2023, buried in the Texas State Cemetery are:</p><br>
<h3>Davis Guards Medal recipients</h3><br>
<p>Michael Carr (Section:Confederate Field, Section 2 (D) Row:Q Number:34)</p><br>
<p>David Fitzgerald (Section:Confederate Field, Section 1 (F) Row:P Number:7)</p><br>
<p>John Flood (Section:Confederate Field, Section 2 (D) Row:V Number:21)</p><br>
<p>William Hardin (Section:Confederate Field, Section 1 (F) Row:K Number:15)</p><br>
<p>Thomas Sullivan (Confederate Field, Section 2 (D) Row:U Number:18)</p><br>
<h3>Battle of San Jacinto veterans</h3><br>
<h3>Notable interments</h3><br>
<p>Joseph Hugh Allen</p><br>
<p>Betty Andujar</p><br>
<p>Bob Armstrong</p><br>
<p>Stephen F. Austin</p><br>
<p>Moseley Baker</p><br>
<p>Don Baylor</p><br>
<p>Cedric Benson</p><br>
<p>George Beto</p><br>
<p>Anita Lee Blair</p><br>
<p>Paul Bolton</p><br>
<p>Andrew Briscoe</p><br>
<p>Guy M. Bryan</p><br>
<p>Benjamin F. Bryant</p><br>
<p>Augustus Buchel</p><br>
<p>Bob Bullock</p><br>
<p>Edward Burleson</p><br>
<p>Gregory Scott Coleman</p><br>
<p>Waggoner Carr</p><br>
<p>Phil Cates</p><br>
<p>Gene Cernan</p><br>
<p>George Christian</p><br>
<p>John B. Connally</p><br>
<p>Nellie Connally</p><br>
<p>Wayne Connally (cremated, with cenotaph)</p><br>
<p>Barbara Smith Conrad</p><br>
<p>James Cotton</p><br>
<p>Trammel Crow</p><br>
<p>Russell B. Cummings</p><br>
<p>Walter Cunningham</p><br>
<p>Edmund J. Davis</p><br>
<p>Susanna Dickinson</p><br>
<p>J. Frank Dobie</p><br>
<p>John Holt Duncan</p><br>
<p>Alexander Campbell Earle (co-founder of Delta Tau Delta (ΔΤΔ) Fraternity)</p><br>
<p>Ray Farabee</p><br>
<p>James E. Ferguson</p><br>
<p>Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson</p><br>
<p>Joe Bertram Frantz</p><br>
<p>Fred Gipson</p><br>
<p>Lena Guerrero</p><br>
<p>James Washington Guinn</p><br>
<p>Dorsey B. Hardeman</p><br>
<p>Warren G. Harding (Texas politician)</p><br>
<p>John Hemphill</p><br>
<p>James Pinckney Henderson</p><br>
<p>Jack English Hightower</p><br>
<p>Paul John Hilbert</p><br>
<p>Andrew Jackson Houston</p><br>
<p>John Ireland</p><br>
<p>Patrick Churchill Jack</p><br>
<p>William Houston Jack</p><br>
<p>Barbara Jordan</p><br>
<p>Albert Sidney Johnston</p><br>
<p>Delwin Jones</p><br>
<p>William Wayne Justice</p><br>
<p>Herb Kelleher</p><br>
<p>Larry L. King</p><br>
<p>Dan Kubiak</p><br>
<p>Edmund Kuempel</p><br>
<p>Chris Kyle (US Navy SEAL)</p><br>
<p>Tom Landry (cenotaph)</p><br>
<p>Thomas C. Lea III</p><br>
<p>Ray Allen Lemmon (Texas House of Representatives for the 61st and 62nd Legislatures)</p><br>
<p>Frank Madla</p><br>
<p>Benjamin McCulloch</p><br>
<p>George "Spanky" McFarland</p><br>
<p>Crawford Martin</p><br>
<p>Jim Mattox</p><br>
<p>William Menefee</p><br>
<p>James A. Michener (cenotaph)</p><br>
<p>Dan Moody</p><br>
<p>Richard Moya</p><br>
<p>Jose Antonio Navarro</p><br>
<p>James E. Nugent</p><br>
<p>Richard Arvin Overton</p><br>
<p>William Neff "Bill" Patman</p><br>
<p>Randy Pendleton</p><br>
<p>J. J. Pickle</p><br>
<p>William C. Powers Jr.</p><br>
<p>Richard "Cactus" Pryor</p><br>
<p>Irma Lerma Rangel</p><br>
<p>Ann Richards</p><br>
<p>Sterling C. Robertson</p><br>
<p>Joel Walter Robison</p><br>
<p>Darrell K. Royal</p><br>
<p>Jerry Sadler</p><br>
<p>William Read Scurry</p><br>
<p>Allan Shivers</p><br>
<p>E L Short</p><br>
<p>Edwin "Bud" Shrake</p><br>
<p>Preston E. Smith</p><br>
<p>W. E. "Pete" Snelson</p><br>
<p>James Austin Sylvester</p><br>
<p>Alexander Watkins Terrell</p><br>
<p>Ernest O. Thompson</p><br>
<p>May Peterson Thompson</p><br>
<p>Homer Thornberry</p><br>
<p>Sidney Johnson Thomas</p><br>
<p>John G. Tower (cenotaph)</p><br>
<p>Joanna Troutman</p><br>
<p>Byron M. Tunnell</p><br>
<p>William A. A. "Bigfoot" Wallace</p><br>
<p>Gary Watkins (cenotaph)</p><br>
<p>Walter Prescott Webb</p><br>
<p>Willie Wells</p><br>
<p>George E. "Buddy" West</p><br>
<p>John A. Wharton</p><br>
<p>Mark White</p><br>
<p>James Charles Wilson</p><br>
<p>Will Wilson</p><br>
<p>Charlie Wilson (Cenotaph)</p><br>
<p>Ralph Yarborough</p><br>
<h3>Governors of Texas</h3><br>
<p>Peter Hansbrough Bell</p><br>
<p>John Bowden Connally Jr.</p><br>
<p>Edmund Jackson Davis</p><br>
<p>Miriam "Ma" Amanda Ferguson</p><br>
<p>James "Pa" Edward Ferguson</p><br>
<p>James Pinckney Henderson</p><br>
<p>John Ireland</p><br>
<p>Francis Richard Lubbock</p><br>
<p>Dan Moody Jr.</p><br>
<p>Ann Willis Richards</p><br>
<p>Hardin Richard Runnels</p><br>
<p>Robert Allan Shivers</p><br>
<p>Preston Earnest Smith</p><br>
<p>Mark Wells White</p><br>
<h3>Texas Rangers</h3><br>
<p>Stephen F. Austin</p><br>
<p>Willis Thomas Avery</p><br>
<p>Jesse Billingsley</p><br>
<p>Joseph Graves Booth</p><br>
<p>John Watkins Bracken</p><br>
<p>Guy Morrison Bryan</p><br>
<p>Ben Franklin Bryant</p><br>
<p>George Christopher Brakefield</p><br>
<p>Edward Burleson</p><br>
<p>James Hughes Callahan</p><br>
<p>Walter P. Callaway</p><br>
<p>William Angelo Dial</p><br>
<p>Homer Garrison</p><br>
<p>John Grumbles</p><br>
<p>Joseph Sidney Fletcher</p><br>
<p>William Polk Hardeman</p><br>
<p>John Reynolds Hughes</p><br>
<p>Ben McCulloch</p><br>
<p>Charles Edward Miller</p><br>
<p>Daniel Webster Roberts</p><br>
<p>James Lambert "Skippy" Rundell</p><br>
<p>William Read Scurry</p><br>
<p>Lamartine Pemberton "Lamar" Seeker</p><br>
<p>William Tom</p><br>
<p>William Alexander Anderson "Big Foot" Wallace</p><br>
<p>Eleazar Louis Ripley Wheelock</p><br>
<p>John Lemon Wilbarger</p><br>
<p>Robert McAlpin Williamson</p><br>
<p>Thomas C. Wilson</p><br>
<p>William Delpard Wilson</p><br>
<h3>Other</h3><br>
<p>1 Navy SEAL</p><br>
<p>5 Lieutenant Governors of Texas</p><br>
<p>5 Speakers of the Texas House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>15 Signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence</p><br>
<p>3 USA Senators</p><br>
<p>6 USA Representatives</p><br>
<p>5 First Ladies of Texas (including planned burial plots for Anita Thigpen Perry who are still alive)</p><br>
<p>5 authors</p><br>
<p>11 Republic of Texas veterans</p><br>
<p>9 Confederate Generals</p><br>
<p>3 Medal of Honor recipients</p><br>
<p>2 American Revolutionary War veterans</p><br>
<p>1 17th-century French sailor (remains discovered in the wreck of La Salle&#39;s ship La Belle in 1995)</p><br>
<p>First Texas Solicitor General</p><br>
<p>1 member of the Baseball Hall of Fame</p><br>
<p>2 astronauts</p><br>
<p>1 president of the University of Texas at Austin</p><br>
<p>1 football player</p><br>
<p>1 notable supercenterian</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In one episode of King of the Hill, Cotton Hill is awarded a plot in the Texas State Cemetery for his heroism during World War II. However, Cotton is never buried in this plot when he dies in another episode, but is instead cremated. Actor Barry Jenner, who appeared in 27 episodes of the 1980s television series Dallas, is also awarded a plot.</p><br>
<p>Malabar Farm State Park is a state park in Richland County, Ohio, United States, located near Lucas and the Mohican State Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nestled in the hills of Pleasant Valley, Malabar Farm was built in 1939 by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield and was his home until his death in 1956.</p><br>
<p>Bromfield grew up in Pleasant Valley. His passion for horticulture developed when he was in France, and it took him on two long trips to India, which were the inspiration for one of his most critically acclaimed bestsellers, The Rains Came (1937). He used the proceeds from the book to finance Malabar Farm, saying that “nothing could be more appropriate than giving the farm an Indian name because India made it possible.”.</p><br>
<p>On returning to Ohio, he bought a farm from Clement Herring in December 1938, and bought adjacent farms in 1940 and 1941. In all, he owned 595 acres of land. Bromfield chose architect Louis Lamoreux of Mansfield to help him design and construct a 19-room Greek revival style home, that he dubbed the "Big House". The Bromfield family moved to Pleasant Valley in 1939 and lived in the “Fleming house” until their “Big House” was built. The original Herring house was used as the center of the construction. The Big House was expanded from this focus point and made to look like sections had been added on over the years. Bromfield was constantly ordering changes to rooms and walls. Thus, the project was dragged out for 18 months.</p><br>
<p>The 32-room Western Reserve-style homestead, where Bromfield wrote many of his books, attracted film stars, artists, politicians, writers, and conservationists annually. As many as 20,000 people visited the farm every year. Sunday tours alone attracted 100 to 200 people. On May 21, 1945, Bromfield hosted Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall&#39;s wedding and honeymoon at Malabar Farm. Malabar was often visited by celebrities, including Kay Francis, Joan Fontaine, Ina Claire, Mayo Methot and James Cagney.</p><br>
<p>The farm spread over 1000 acres of land. At one point, 200 acres were set aside for apple trees, but they ended up costing Bromfield money. Because of this, he got out of apple production. He also stopped his egg production, as well as his sheep and hog breeding. He chose to focus on beef and dairy. Additionally, Bromfield developed a technique known as conservation farming. This was based on grass farming, which produced large quantities of forage and pasture. Using expertise and labor from New Deal agencies like the Soil Conservation Service and Civilian Conservation Corps, Bromfield rehabilitated his land and in the process learned the principles of soil conservation. He later turned Malabar into a showcase for what he called the “New Agriculture.” Among the novel farming techniques that he promoted at Malabar were the use of green manures, contour plowing, “trash farming,” sheet composting and strip cropping.</p><br>
<p>Malabar Farm became a national model for sustainable agriculture.</p><br>
<p>In addition to this, Bromfield experimented with composting using manure from livestock on the farm. Square fields were changed to follow the lie of the land so as to discourage erosion. 140 acres were put aside for timber. In 1958, Bromfield&#39;s children gave the farm to a conservation foundation—Friends of the Land in lieu of debts Bromfield had incurred. In August 1972, the deed of Malabar Farm was accepted by the state of Ohio after the Louis Bromfield Malabar Farm Foundation—which had been operating the farm—faced foreclosure. In 1976, the farm became a state park. On April 4, 1993, a fire destroyed the main barn.</p><br>
<p>In September 1994, 150 volunteers from the Timber Framers Guild of North America raised a new barn in resemblance of the original.</p><br>
<p>Hostelling International USA had operated a 19-bed youth hostel for years in a farmhouse that was acquired when Malabar Farm was given to the State of Ohio. This was closed in late 2017 by Hostelling International due to diminished public interest and use after running continuously since 1979. To date the building is unused.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest within the Park</h2><br>
<h3>Malabar Farm Inn</h3><br>
<p>Malabar Farm Inn is a historic stagecoach inn built in 1820. The two-story brick building was restored as a restaurant, offering home-cooked dining. The Malabar Inn Restaurant has operated sporadically in recent years, having closed in 2018, re-opened in 2021, and closed in July 2023.</p><br>
<p>Just to the east of the restaurant lies Malabar Spring. In 1946, Louis Bromfield designed a roadside market stand that could use the spring to keep market items cool. Sporadically, visitors could purchase fresh, local produce at the market stand. Under various management philosophies at ODNR, sporadically, visitors could purchase fresh, local produce which is cooled by flowing spring water. The garden market ceased operation upon closure of the Malabar Inn Restaurant in 2018.</p><br>
<h3>Pugh Cabin</h3><br>
<p>This authentic, rustic log-cabin style home was built in the 1940s by Bromfield&#39;s neighbor, Jim Pugh. The cabin was used to film a few of the opening scenes in the 1994 film The Shawshank Redemption.</p><br>
<h3>The Ceely Rose House</h3><br>
<p>The millers house, mentioned in the Pleasant Valley collection of ghost stories, was the 19th Century home of a young, mentally challenged girl named Ceely Rose. In 1896, Ceely Rose murdered her three-person family by poisoning their food with arsenic. Annually in October, the Ceely Rose Play is performed in the parks timber frame barn, as part of a ghost story trilogy. The other two plays are Phoebe Wise and Louie. In 2014, an episode of Ghost Hunters was filmed at the Ceely Rose House. The episode, entitled Family Plot, aired on the SyFy channel. The Ghost Hunters crew investigates claims of paranormal activities stemming from the 1896 triple murder. On this same episode, they also spend time inside Louis Bromfield&#39;s "Big House" at Malabar Farm, again trying to document reported paranormal activity.</p><br>
<h2>Malabar Farm Events</h2><br>
<h3>Maple Sugaring Festival</h3><br>
<p>A festival dedicated to early Ohio&#39;s winter tradition of making maple syrup. This festival takes place the first two weekends in March. During the sugaring off days, at the farm, learn about the process of harvesting sap from trees, boiling the liquid down to syrup, making candies, sugar, and other sweet treats. There are many activities and demonstrations available with free admission.</p><br>
<h3>Heritage Days</h3><br>
<p>One of the state&#39;s largest outdoor craft shows. The festival includes various living history reenactments, including of the civil war era and buck-skinners.</p><br>
<h3>Wagon Tours</h3><br>
<p>Tours run seasonally.</p><br>
<h3>Barn Dances</h3><br>
<p>An evening Square Dance occurs monthly in the Big Barn with a live band during the warmer seasons. The traditional square dance style with informal attire welcomes all experience levels and ages. Wagon rides are usually offered during the dance near Halloween.</p><br>
<p>The Scripps Mansion  is a Norman/Tudor Revival style mansion located in Orion Township, Michigan. The buildings and surrounding land are known collectively as the William E. Scripps Estate.</p><br>
<p>Since 1956, the property has been part of the campus of Guest House, a residential treatment center for Catholic clergy. The estate was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built in 1927 for William Edmund Scripps and his family. Scripps, the founder of the WWJ radio station (and son of the founder of the Detroit News), had initially established a farm on the property as a "hobby", before eventually settling there. It is currently not open to the public due to ongoing repairs, but tours and events have been offered in the past to showcase the interior design and garden.</p><br>
<p>The farmland of 3,000 acre was purchased by Scripps in 1916 from several different landowners. At its peak, the farm featured Angus cattle, cows, swine, sheep, and poultry. During the Depression years, the farmhands and mansion servants all lived on the property. A small one-room schoolhouse for children of farm employees was established in 1925, and in 1952, it was converted into an Episcopalian church.</p><br>
<p>Amelia Earhart, at the request of Scripps, flew an experimental glider at the property in 1929. Scripps, a pilot himself, became a glider enthusiast and formed his own company (Gliders, Inc.) in 1929. He began his venture by manufacturing a primary type glider.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Scripps died in 1952, and much of the farm was sold at auction. A large part of the collection of European paintings from the estate was donated to the Detroit Institute of Arts in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The farmland and lakes are now mostly parks for Orion Township, Oakland County, and the state of Michigan (Civic Center Park, Orion Oaks and Bald Mountain Recreation Area, respectively). Some of the former farm buildings were converted into the Canterbury Village shopping center.</p><br>
<p>The airstrip and field used by Earhart is now used as an area for radio controlled airplanes as part of Bald Mountain Recreation Area.</p><br>
<p>The Anaconda Smelter Stack is the tallest surviving masonry structure in the world, with an overall height of about, including a brick chimney tall and the downhill side of a concrete foundation tall. It is a brick smoke stack or chimney, built in 1918 as part of the Washoe Smelter of the Anaconda Copper Mining Company  at Anaconda, Montana, in the United States. A terra cotta coating covered the entire brick chimney when new, but by the time the smelter closed in 1981, most had eroded away except for the upper 40%, exposing most of its bricks and reinforcing rods. The inside diameter at the bottom of the brick chimney is while that at the top is about. The stack and its viewing area are now the two-part Anaconda Smoke Stack State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Dimensions</h2><br>
<h3>Brick chimney</h3><br>
<p>The overall height of the stack is (≈ 585 feet), including a brick chimney (≈ 555 feet) tall and the downhill side of a concrete foundation high. This was the height when new in 1918, but loss of the terra cotta that covered the top course of bricks since then reduced its height one or more inches. The lowest of the brick chimney is an octagon, the vertices of which point to the cardinal and intercardinal directions, north, northeast, east, etc., while its sides face the secondary-intercardinal directions, north-northeast, east-northeast, etc. Two large vertical openings are in the octagonal portion, each, on its east-southeast and south-southwest sides. When operational, the main flue carried hot exhaust gases to these openings and then into the stack from the smelter which was on the north side of the hill upon which the stack rests. The base of the octagon was (≈ 86 feet) side to side across its bottom before the loss of its terra cotta covering. But the inner surface of the octagon is circular with an inside diameter of (≈ 75 feet) across its bottom. The wall thickness of the octagon at its bottom ranges from at the center of a side to at each vertex. The rest of the chimney is a slightly tapering cylinder with a top inside diameter of (≈ 60 feet) and a wall thickness of (≈ 2 feet) just below a slightly flared top.</p><br>
<p>Most are radial bricks that are curved to match a sector of a cylindrical wall. The brick chimney weighs.</p><br>
<h3>Concrete foundation</h3><br>
<p>The lowest part of the stack is a concrete foundation or footing that is built on sloped ground with a grade of 21% (12°) because it is just below the top of a hill. It is high above ground at its downhill side and high above ground at its uphill side. It is a hollow octagon, side to side on top and side to side across its bottom, high on its downhill side and high on its uphill side, a third of the foundation being below ground. The stepped bottom of the foundation fits the stepped rock formation upon which it rests. The floor of the stack is generally conical leading down below the brick chimney to a rectangular grate, then into a square horizontal duct that exits the stack at the center of the downhill side of the foundation on its south-southeast side. This allowed any valuable metal dust particles left in the flue gases that precipitated down to that conical floor to be collected by a car on a track within the duct and sent back to the smelter for more processing.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>After the concrete foundation was completed in May 1918, construction of the stack began on May 23, 1918 and was completed on November 30, 1918. It was placed into operation on May 5, 1919. Taller masonry chimneys have existed but have since been demolished. Taller chimneys that still exist are made of reinforced concrete. See List of tallest chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Monument would fit inside the stacks brick portion except for their lowest where an overlap of as much as at each corner of the monument would occur. The stacks brick portion is about taller than the monument&#39;s 2015 height.</p><br>
<p>The masonry portion of the stack is about taller than the above ground portion of the monuments masonry, which disregards the monuments aluminum apex.</p><br>
<p>The stack was designed to discharge exhaust gases from the various roasting and smelting furnaces at the smelter. The smelter had a large network of exhaust flues from the furnaces that all fed a main flue, which carried them a half-mile south up the hill to the stack.</p><br>
<h2>State park</h2><br>
<p>The Washoe Smelter was demolished after its closure in 1981. The stack alone, however, remains standing because the citizens of Anaconda organized to "Save the Stack." It is commonly referred to as "The Stack" or "The Big Stack" and is a well-known landmark in western Montana. In 1986 it was designated the Anaconda Smoke Stack State Park. constructed in 2000 just east of the town of Anaconda and the smoke stack about 1.2 mi southeast of the viewing area. Although the site of the smelter underwent some environmental cleanup, the general public is not allowed access to the stack itself because the soil around it is still hazardous due to contamination by the toxic metalloid arsenic as well as copper, cadmium, lead and zinc. Terra cotta covered the entire surface of the chimney just as it covered its top; by the time of its closure, the bottom 60% had eroded, including the brick octagon, exposing its bricks and reinforcing rods. The terra cotta is now darker than the exposed bricks.</p><br>
<p>The Vanderbilt Museum is located in Centerport on the North Shore of Long Island in Suffolk County, New York, USA. Named for William Vanderbilt II , it is located on his former 43 acre estate, Eagle&#39;s Nest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William K. Vanderbilt IIs will provided for donation of his property to the county, with provision that the mansion and grounds be used for a museum for his marine, natural history, and ethnographic collections; the natural history institution was established during 1950. Developing a museum that interprets Vanderbilts life, times, and collections, the county constructed a planetarium on the grounds during 1970.</p><br>
<p>Vanderbilts enclave was constructed in three installments. The first project was the building of a 24-room Spanish revival mansion designed by famed New York architecture firm Warren and Wetmore, one of two firms responsible for designing and constructing New Yorks Grand Central Terminal, another product of the Vanderbilt family execution. The duration of the three stages lasted from 1910 to 1936. Since the 1930s the mansion and them museum has been home to a what is probably the mummy of a young woman who was originally buried at Deir el-Bahari.</p><br>
<p>The museum complex, operated by Suffolk County, includes the mansion with furnishings and fine art, a marine museum with marine and natural history specimens (butterflies, birds, shells, mammals and fish), a curator&#39;s cottage, a seaplane hangar, a boathouse, gardens, and a collection of ethnographic objects (firearms and swords, ship models, and European, Asian and African objects). The museum was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 26, 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Living History Tours</h2><br>
<p>Once a week during the summer, the museum offers a "living history tour" of the museum. Acting in costume, the staff enacts a performance about the era of the Gold Coast socialites, drawing on information gleaned from Vanderbilt&#39;s personal journal and historical archives about other owners and workers.</p><br>
<h2>Planetarium</h2><br>
<p>In 2013, the planetarium reopened after a major renovation that replaced the roof, carpets, and seats; and upgraded the gift shop, lobby, ticket office, and other interior and exterior features. The planetarium includes a Konica Minolta GeminiStar III projector, full dome display projector, and surround-sound technology.</p><br>
<p>The planetarium features an observatory that is open to the public on Friday nights. The observatory has a 16" Meade LX200R, and utilizes a roll-off roof design.</p><br>
<p>Oak Park Conservatory is a conservatory and botanical garden located at 615 Garfield Street in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, United States. It is open daily with restricted hours; admission is free, but a donation is suggested.</p><br>
<h2>History and development</h2><br>
<p>The conservatory started in 1914, as a community effort to house exotic plants collected during residents travels. Todays Edwardian-style glass structure was built in 1929, but fell into neglect until 1970, when a group of concerned citizens preserved it. Debate in the community had some suggesting the site would make "a perfect parking lot", but the volunteer actions of the Citizens Committee for the Conservatory saved it from that fate. In addition to its role supplying plants throughout the parks of Oak Park, the Conservatory&#39;s role was expanded to be a place to educate school children and gardeners.</p><br>
<p>Marking its 90th anniversary in 2019, the Conservatory has installed solar panels on the roof to lower electricity costs and offset emissions. Three beehives are now part of the conservatory, for pollination. Five cisterns were installed to collect rainwater, which will be used to water plants in the conservatory and in summer, elsewhere in the village. A compost tea system has been set up to improve soil quality in the greenhouses.</p><br>
<h2>Major collections</h2><br>
<p>The desert collection includes three cactus groups (Cereus, Opuntia, and Pereskia), plus succulents including Agave, Crassula, succulent euphorbias, Gasteria, Haworthia, and Kalanchoe. Woody plants in this room include olive, etrog, fig, date palm, bay and pomegranate.</p><br>
<p>The conservatory&#39;s orchids and ferns collection holds orchids, Australian tree ferns and other tropic and sub-tropic fern species, as well as begonias, Clivia, Ponderosa lemon, sea grape, Strelitzia reginae, and Syzygium. The rainforest collection includes Anthurium, aroids, banana, cycads, dracaenas, ferns, fig trees, Monstera deliciosa, palms (lady, fishtail, fan, and Canary Island date), papaya, Peperomia, Pilea, spider plants, as well as a pond with koi, goldfish, and turtles.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its collections, the conservatory grows about 20,000 bedding plants annually for planting in public parks and sites throughout Oak Park.</p><br>
<h2>Century plant</h2><br>
<p>The Conservatory collection includes agave americana, commonly known as the century plant for the long decades until it blooms. Twice since 1980, a plant shot up its flower stalk taller than the greenhouse roof, so the glass was removed. The plant in bloom is visible to traffic on nearby roads. In 2013, the bloom time was cut short by a severe storm, cutting the 6 inch diameter stem at the roofline. The plant died as is usual after the bloom.</p><br>
<h2>Friends of the Oak Park Conservatory</h2><br>
<p>The Oak Park Conservatory has professional staff. Its extensive network of volunteers works under the name of Friends of the Oak Park Conservatory (or FOPCON), since 1986. The Conservatory director hired in 1984, John Seaton, asked the volunteers to organize themselves, which they did in 1986; since then, they have raised over $840,000 for Conservatory improvements. Volunteers organize a plant sale in early May each year to raise funds for the Conservatory, and supply gardeners with an interesting variety of plants. It began as the Herb and Scented Plant Sale, and has changed over time to include edibles and ornamental plants, grown without pesticides in the greenhouses of the Conservatory. The volunteer web site includes information for gardeners, and the list of events for the year. Besides the plant sale, there are two perennial plant exchanges, spring and fall. Gardeners bring in healthy plants from their own gardens, to exchange for other types from plants brought by other gardeners. FOPCON also offers a garden walk through admirable local gardens as another fund raising event in June. Tours of the Conservatory are offered for groups and for schools, led by the volunteers.</p><br>
<p>Saunderstown is a small village and historic district in the towns of Narragansett and North Kingstown in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. It was named in honor of John Aldrich Saunders, a member of the Saunders family. Saunderstown has its own post office with the ZIP Code of 02874, which also includes a small part of South Kingstown. Its population is 6,245.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Saunderstown is known as the birthplace of artist Gilbert Stuart, who is best known for painting the portrait of George Washington that is portrayed on the one-dollar bill. The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace and Museum consists of the house in which Stuart was born, a nature trail, and a functional gristmill, and is now open to the public as a museum. Saunderstown is also the location of Casey Farm, an 18th-century plantation that is now a family farm. The farm grows organic vegetables, herbs, and flowers in a Community Supported Agriculture Program. It is operated by Historic New England.</p><br>
<p>Saunderstown is largely rural and is home to 6,245 people at a population density of 412 people per square mile. The racial makeup is 96.1% white, 0.4% black, 1.1% Asian, 1.2% Hispanic, and 0.2% other.</p><br>
<p>Saunderstown has a median household income of $135,514.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Saunderstown Historic District encompasses a section of Saunderstown which developed as a boatbuilding center and summer resort area in the late 19th century. It is centered on Ferry Road, Willett Road, and Waterway, between Boston Neck Road and Narragansett Bay. In addition to being home to a number of shipyards, several owned by members of the Saunders family, the area also became noted as a summer resort, hosting Benoni Lockwood and Frances Willing Wharton (a cousin to writer Edith Wharton), as well as the architect and artist Christopher Grant LaFarge, son of the artist John La Farge. This area is mainly residential, with wood-frame houses one or two stories in height, with vernacular styling. Non-residential buildings include a country store, recreation center (which was formerly a fire barn), and the Saunderstown Post Office, which was built in 1902 as a Baptist church.</p><br>
<p>The Old Vanderburgh County Courthouse, often simply called the "Old Courthouse," was once the center of Vanderburgh County, Indiana government. Construction started in the spring of 1888 and was completed in November 1890. The building was ready to be occupied by the county government in early 1891. It sits in the heart of downtown Evansville.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by architect Henry Wolters of Louisville, Kentucky and constructed by Charles Pearce & Company of Indianapolis. The 19th century German Beaux-Arts architecture masterpiece cost $379,450 to build. The Old Courthouse occupies an entire city block, bounded by Court, Fourth, Vine and Fifth Streets, with each side being encrusted with sculptures and stone carvings in Indiana limestone. The fourteen main statues of human figures are the work of Franz Engelsmann, who studied under the great German masters before setting up his studio in Chicago. In addition, carvings of vegetables, fruits, and flowers indigenous to the area adorn the capitals of the forty-eight pairs of pilasters around the entire building.</p><br>
<p>Before the courthouse was built, the site was a basin where canal boats on the Wabash and Erie Canal would deliver cargo and turn around for the return trip north. After the advent of the railroads and the canal&#39;s abandonment, the site was filled in and the courthouse was constructed upon it.</p><br>
<p>A tunnel runs beneath Vine Street connecting the Old Courthouse to the Old Vanderburgh County Jail.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>The tower</h3><br>
<p>The bell tower rises above the Old Courthouse to a height of 216 ft The first level of the tower is enclosed with windows which allow sunlight to enter. The next level is open and houses the 4,500 lb Old Courthouse bell. The bell, manufactured by McShane Bell Foundry located in Baltimore, Maryland, has tolled at the Old Courthouse since August 20, 1890. The next level is enclosed and houses only the pulleys and inner workings of the clock. The four faces of the clock, each measuring 7.5 ft in diameter with one facing each side of the building, are found on the final level of the tower. Finally, found on this level of the tower is a suspended staircase which winds to the top of the copper-clad central dome of the Old Courthouse; the base of the cupola sits atop the dome.</p><br>
<h3>Court Street entrance</h3><br>
<p>Protecting the Court Street entryway to the Old Courthouse is a great eagle with its wings widespread perched upon a shield, denoting not only the national emblem but a standard of the ancient Romans. Directly below the eagle are large Roman numerals carved into the limestone, showing the date when construction began. Facing the Old Courthouse, to the left sits the Goddess of Manufacturing and Industry who holds a hammer in her right hand, which rests upon an anvil, and the cogwheel of industry in her left. To her left side sits a locomotive depicting the mode of transportation prevalent at the time. To the right sits the Goddess of Agriculture resting her left hand on a plow and surrounded by symbols of the farm: a sheaf of grain, a hamper of vegetables, and a bee hive. Above the arches of the doorway proper are two cherubs. The one on the left is female as it is holding a nest, thus the care giver; the one on the right is male, holding a bow and quiver, hence the hunter.</p><br>
<h3>Fourth Street entrance</h3><br>
<p>High above the Fourth Street entryway to the Old Courthouse sits a grouping of three statues thought to represent the quest for knowledge and truth. The central figure wears a crown and holds a crusader&#39;s sword in her left hand while decidedly posturing her right hand on her leg. To her left is the only male statue on the building; he rests his right arm on a stack of books and holds in his left hand a tablet. To the right of the central figure is a statue who holds a torch in her right hand and rests her left arm also on a stack of books. Directly below this grouping is a carving of the Seal of the State of Indiana, depicting a wooded scene with a hunter and buffalo and encircled with giant oak leaves symbolizing distinction. Above the arches of the doorway proper are two muses, or Greek goddesses. Depicted to preside over music, the one on the left holds a harp in her right hand; depicted to preside over painting, the one on the right displays a palette in her left hand.</p><br>
<h3>Fifth Street entrance</h3><br>
<p>Similar to Fourth Street, a grouping of three statues thought to represent justice is found above the Fifth Street entryway to the Old Courthouse. The central figure holds the scales of justice in her left hand, with a staff in her right hand. The symbolism of the three raised fingers at the top of her staff as well as the serpent intertwined in her hair is unclear. The statue on the left holds a tablet in her left hand while the statue on the right holds a torch in her right hand. Directly below this grouping again is found the Seal of the State of Indiana, and there are muses above the doorway arches. The one on the left holds a mallet in her left hand and a bust in her right hand, presiding over sculpture. The one on the right holds a book in her left hand, presiding over literature. Although it does not date back to 1890, the revolving door for entering the Fifth Street side of the building is one of the oldest revolving doors remaining in use in Evansville.</p><br>
<h3>Vine Street entrance</h3><br>
<p>There are some noticeable similarities between the Vine Street entryway of the Old Courthouse and the Court Street side. The American eagle again perches atop this side of the building, and the Roman numerals reading 1888 are again found below the eagle. However, the goddesses on this side of the building are different from those sculpted on Court Street. Facing the building, to the left sits the Goddess of Commerce and River Trade whose left hand rests on the prow of a boat, a chain and an anchor. She is surrounded by symbols of the late 19th century riverfront such as bales, barrels, and crates. To the right sits the Goddess of Learning with scrolls at her feet and a tablet in her right hand. Another similarity to Court Street is found above the arches to the doorway proper with the cherubs representing male and female being sculpted again. However, their positions have been reversed with the male being on the left and the female on the right side of the arches.</p><br>
<p>Bandana Square, formerly the Como Shop of the Northern Pacific Railway, is currently an office center in Saint Paul, Minnesota. However, it was initially designed to be a shopping mall in the Energy Park neighborhood. The site is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The complex opened in 1984 after the former Northern Pacific Railway&#39;s Como Shops were converted into what was to be a large festival marketplace and hotel complex. The financing and cooperation came from the railroads, the government, and private grants.</p><br>
<p>A Best Western hotel and conference center remains at Bandana Square. When Bandana originally opened, the complex was home to various restaurants, such as the Dakota Jazz Club and Restaurant. The Dakota moved to Downtown Minneapolis in 2003. The Dino&#39;s Greek fast-food chain also had its first year-round restaurant at Bandana Square (previously, the company had only set up stands at the Minnesota State Fair and other events).</p><br>
<p>The center was purchased by the Saint Paul-based Wilder Foundation in 1983 for $17 million.</p><br>
<p>The Minnesota Children&#39;s Museum was located in a building close to Bandana Square from 1985 until 1995, when it moved to Downtown Saint Paul.</p><br>
<p>The Twin City Model Railroad Museum was located in Bandana Square from 1984 until 2016, when it moved to a new St. Paul location. The museum was the last remaining tenant from the original renovation of the facility into a shopping and entertainment district.</p><br>
<p>The Florence Stockade, also known as The Stockade or the Confederate States Military Prison at Florence, was a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp located on the outskirts of Florence, South Carolina, during the American Civil War. It operated from September 1864 through February 1865; during this time, as many as 18,000 Union soldiers were imprisoned there, about 2,800 of whom died.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Florence Stockade was built and became operational in September 1864, and was in operation during the final fall and winter of the war. Overall in command was Lt. Col. John Iverson, of the 5th Georgia Infantry but the officer in charge of the stockade (a position comparable to that of Henry Wirz at Andersonville Prison) was Lt. James Barrett, also of the 5th Georgia.While several modern sources identify Thomas G. Barrett as the officer accused of mistreating prisoners, the officer was actually his brother James.</p><br>
<p>All the documents in the Official Records, Series 2, Volume 8 contain only the officers last name. The volumes index originally indicated that the Barrett named in the documents was Thomas, but the Additions and Corrections page in the volume (OR Series 2, Volume 8, p. 2) corrected the index by replacing "Barrett, Thomas G." with "Barrett, James." During its time of operation, anywhere from 15,000 to 18,000 captives were held there. The need for additional prisons became imperative after General Sherman captured Atlanta on September 1, 1864. Andersonville prison in south Georgia was thought to be in the path of Sherman and the Confederate prison authorities determined to relocate the approximately 30,000 Union prisoners then at Andersonville. Because Florence had three railroads, and was thought to be secure, it was chosen as a site for a newly constructed prison. To keep the Union soldiers in order during relocation, they were told that they were to be paroled. Many of those who were unable to walk or not stable enough to travel were left behind in Andersonville. Most of the prisoners who initially came to Florence were first transported to Charleston before making their way 90 miles inland to Florence. The Florence Stockade was still under construction when the first several thousand prisoners arrived.</p><br>
<p>The Florence Stockade covered 23.5 acre of land with a trench dug out around the outside to prevent prisoners from tunnelling out. After about a month of operation, there were about 12,000 prisoners and a death rate of 20 to 30 per day. Supplies were scarce for both the prisoners and the guards. Men were sleeping almost naked and with no blankets. In his 1879 book Andersonville: a Story of Rebel Military Prisons, John McElroy, who was imprisoned in both, states, "I think also that all who experienced confinement in the two places are united in pronouncing Florence to be, on the whole, much the worse place and more fatal to life." He states that government records suggest that about one man in each three imprisoned there died. Part of the reason for this is that its prisoners had already been weakened by their stay in the infamous Andersonville Prison. McElroy, Sgt. Robert H. Kellogg of the 16th Connecticut Volunteers, and Sgt. S.S. Boggs of the 21st Illinois have written similar accounts of Barrett&#39;s cruel, inhumane behavior and murders of prisoners.</p><br>
<p>In mid-October, the United States Sanitary Commission delivered supplies. Of the total number of prisoners that passed through the Florence Stockade, 2,802 Union soldiers died there and most were buried in unmarked trenches in what would become the Florence National Cemetery after the war.</p><br>
<p>The Stockade was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The site is open to the public and is a component of the City of Florence Trail System. The City of Florence and the Friends of the Florence Stockade have developed a walking tour of the site. There is also an informational gazebo on-site containing a permanent display detailing the history of the site.</p><br>
<p>The Portland Club is a social club at 156 State Street in Portland, Maine.</p><br>
<h2>Services and facilities</h2><br>
<p>The Portland Club is located in the Hunnewell-Shepley Mansion, on the south side of State Street, between Pine and Spring Streets, on the east side of Portlands West End. The Federal-style mansion was built in 1805 to a design by Alexander Parris, with later Colonial Revival updates by John Calvin Stevens. It has housed the club since 1921. The building is an important local work by Parris, a Boston architect who, under the direction of Joseph Ingraham, helped to define much of Portlands skyline with his beautiful structures. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Portland Club holds many meetings of social and political interest. The mansion itself is home to many paintings and antiques that are original to the club, along with over 12 antique mahogany pool tables on the second floor. The Portland Club has a history of being on the top for all of the social events in Portland, as well as having the history of being one of the first clubs to bring women into the organization as The Woman&#39;s Portland Club.</p><br>
<p>The club currently hosts seasonal dinner meetings with lectures, brunches, and various social events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Portland Club began in 1886, after Fred N. Dow and a group of influential friends decided to organize their informal gatherings into a club. The mens purpose was to "discuss current events," and though never part of the by-laws, to promote the Republican Party agenda. Because Republicans controlled Maines government, the club was widely recognized as the de facto seat of political power for decades. Another social club, Woodfords Club was formed in the burgeoning suburban neighborhoods of Portland in 1913. The club acquired the mansion in 1921 and has been the home of The Portland Club ever since.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ward is a former United States Army coastal artillery fort, and later, a Navy installation located on the southwest side of Bainbridge Island, Washington, along Rich Passage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early</h3><br>
<p>During the 1880s, the Endicott Board, convened by Secretary of War William C. Endicott made sweeping recommendations for new or upgraded coastal defense installations and weapons systems. As the 20th century approached, American military strategists realized that heavy, fixed artillery required a very different training program than lighter, mobile field artillery.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ward was originally known as Beans Point and was established in 1890, as one of several US Army Coastal Artillery Corps installations, including Fort Flagler, Fort Casey and Fort Worden, built to defend Puget Sound from enemy warships. Its primary objective was to protect the nearby Bremerton Naval Shipyard.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, the Army officially designated Beans Point as a seacoast fort and named it Fort Ward in honor of Colonel George H. Ward. Activity in and around the fort continued as new buildings were constructed and new troops arrived.</p><br>
<p>The coastal artillery batteries located at Fort Ward were:</p><br>
<p>Battery Nash (1903–1918), three 8 in M1888 guns mounted on disappearing carriages, hidden along the bluff, now on private property</p><br>
<p>Battery Warner (1903–1925), two 5 in M1900 pillar mounted guns, now on private property and surrounded by modern homes</p><br>
<p>Battery Thornburgh (1903–1920), four 3 in M1898MI masking parapet mounted guns</p><br>
<p>Battery Vinton (1903–1920), two 3-inch M1898MI masking parapet mounted guns.</p><br>
<p>Battery Vinton is one of four batteries at Fort Ward. It had two 3-inch model guns. These guns, along with the other batteries, guarded an underwater mine field placed across Rich Passage. The guns were removed on July 19th, 1920 – never having been fired for defense, and were to be shipped to France for use in WWI.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, Fort Ward was placed on inactive status, but a small number of men were still stationed there. In 1928, the fort was essentially left abandoned. The fort remained abandoned for several years, until 1935, it served as a state-operated fresh air camp for inner city children from Seattle.</p><br>
<h3>Before and during World War II</h3><br>
<p>In 1938, the USA Navy took over Fort Ward from the USA Army, and confiscated several surrounding properties and evicted the owners. The USA Navy found the fort to be attractive after tests had shown that it was an outstanding location to eavesdrop on radio communication transmitted from the Far East, chiefly Japan. In August 1939, the USA Navy relocated the Astoria, Oregon, intercept site to Fort Ward. This was the beginning of the development of Fort Ward as a top-secret military listening post.</p><br>
<p>In August 1940, the USA Navy had five sites with diplomatic targets which were all linked directly, or indirectly through USA Army communication circuits, to Washington, D.C., via radio and landline communications. These sites were Winter Harbor, Maine; Amagansett, New York; Cheltenham, Maryland; Jupiter, Florida; and Fort Ward—Bainbridge Island, Washington.</p><br>
<p>Rhombic antennas were installed on the Parade Ground, and the old post exchange/gymnasium building was converted into a top secret listening post code-named "Station S". Inside "Station S", men and women worked 24 hours a day, listening in on Japanese naval communications, which were transmitted in the Japanese Morse Code. This building is now a private home.</p><br>
<p>The listening post activities were so top secret that personnel on the base were instructed not to look at the building when they walked by it.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, the Navy developed a "cover story" for what was happening at Naval Radio Station Bainbridge Island. The story—that it was one of the few Naval Reserve Radio Schools in the nation—received a full page of coverage in The Seattle Times on January 11, 1941. Some of the sailors pictured in the article actually worked at "Station S" after their training. Photos show the sailors copying Morse code in a classroom, setting up a Morse code-sending machine, and marching from their school building to noon mess.</p><br>
<p>In March 1941, a commercial teletype line between the installations at Winter Harbor, Maine, Amagansett, New York, and Fort Ward was inaugurated. Communications between Washington, D.C., and its far-flung resources in the Pacific continued to be primitive. Messages and intercept logs, reports and professional correspondence, if classified, were painstakingly enciphered by the radio intelligence officer himself using special equipment and instructions. If transmitted as messages on manual Morse code circuits or landlines, they were delivered to the communications center where they were again enciphered. The Fort Ward command also oversaw the construction of the Navy&#39;s largest radio transmitter at Battle Point, with a tower 300 feet taller than the Space Needle. This was used to send messages to Navy Command at Pier 91 in Seattle.</p><br>
<p>The first chapter of David Kahn&#39;s book tells about how "Station S" intercepted the communication from Tokyo to the Japanese Ambassador that instructed him to break off negotiations just before the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, a submarine net was placed across Rich Passage.</p><br>
<p>In November 1942, Fort Ward also assumed control of naval intelligence assignments previously tasked to the Royal Canadian Navy.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the USA Navy radio station operations consisted of:</p><br>
<p>Supplementary Station (School, D/F and Intercept), Bainbridge Island, Port Blakely, Washington</p><br>
<p>Naval Radio Transmitting Station, Bainbridge Island, Wash. (located at Battle Point)</p><br>
<p>USA Naval Radio Direction Finder Station, Bainbridge Island, Port Blakely</p><br>
<p>Naval Training School (Radio-Special), Bainbridge Island, Port Blakely</p><br>
<p>Naval Radio Activities, Bainbridge Island, Port Blakely</p><br>
<p>Supplementary Radio Station, Bainbridge Island, Port Blakely</p><br>
<p>After World War II, personnel on the base (which was transferred back to the USA Army in 1956) continued to listen in on radio transmissions—first Korean and then Soviet. Activity continued at the radio station until 1956.</p><br>
<h3>Post World War II</h3><br>
<p>The USA Army abandoned all operations in 1958. Upon this second deactivation, the Washington State Park System negotiated for acquisition of part of the fort in 1960, which became Fort Ward State Park. In 2011, it was transferred to the Bainbridge Island Metro Park & Recreation District and became Fort Ward Park. The naval radio transmitting station located at Battle Point was deactivated on March 31, 1959, and the equipment was removed in 1971. The location is now Battle Point Park, administered by the Bainbridge Island Metro Park & Recreation District.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, some of the buildings have been converted into homes, and the area, the parade ground of the community of Fort Ward has been designated a National Historic Site. Many of the homes are also listed on the City of Bainbridge Island&#39;s Historic Register.</p><br>
<p>Laurel Hill Cemetery, also called Laurel Hill East to distinguish it from the affiliated West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, is a historic rural cemetery in the East Falls neighborhood of Philadelphia. Founded in 1836, it was the second major rural cemetery in the United States after Mount Auburn Cemetery in Boston, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is 74 acre in size and overlooks the Schuylkill River. The cemetery was designed by John Notman and grew to its current size through the purchase of four land parcels between 1836 and 1861. It contains over 11,000 family lots and more than 33,000 graves, including many adorned with grand marble and granite funerary monuments, elaborately sculpted hillside tombs and mausoleums. It is an accredited arboretum with over 6,000 trees and shrubs representing 700 species.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, Laurel Hill Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and in 1998, became the first cemetery in the United States to be designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The cemetery was founded in 1836 by John Jay Smith, a librarian and editor with interests in horticulture and real estate, who was distressed at the way his deceased daughter was interred at the Arch Street Meeting House burial ground in Philadelphia. Smith wrote, "Philadelphia should have a rural cemetery on dry ground, where feelings should not be harrowed by viewing the bodies of beloved relatives plunged into mud and water."</p><br>
<p>Smith joined forces with other prominent Philadelphia citizens including Benjamin Wood Richards, William Strickland and Nathan Dunn to form the Laurel Hill Cemetery Company and create a rural cemetery three miles north of the Philadelphia border on the east bank of the Schuylkill River. The group considered several locations but decided on the 32 acre known as "Laurel" or "Laurel Hill". The location was viewed as a haven from urban expansion and a respite from the increasingly industrialized city center. The city later grew past Laurel Hill, but the cemetery retained its rural character.</p><br>
<p>Designs for the cemetery were submitted by William Strickland and Thomas Ustick Walter but the commission selected Scottish-American architect John Notman. Notman&#39;s designs incorporated the topography of the location and included a string of terraces that descended to the river. Notman built upon designs incorporated by Henry Edward Kendall at Kensal Green Cemetery in London. The cemetery was developed and completed between 1836 and 1839. Notman designed the gatehouse which consists of a massive Roman arch surrounded by an imposing classical colonnade and topped with a large ornamental urn. A large Gothic Revival style chapel was built on the grounds but removed in the 1880s to make room for additional graves.</p><br>
<p>In 1836, the cemetery purchased a group of three sandstone statues from Scottish sculptor James Thom, known as Old Mortality. The statues were placed in a small enclosure in the central courtyard directly in front of the main gatehouse. The statues are based on a tale by Sir Walter Scott and depict Scott talking to Old Mortality, an elderly man who traveled through the Scottish Highlands re-carving weathered tombstones, along with his pony. A plaster bust of the artist, James Thom, was added to the display in 1872. The owners of the cemetery intended to equate the mission of Old Mortality with their own – to keep the cemetery in perpetual care so future generations may remember the deceased.</p><br>
<p>To increase its cachet, the cemetery&#39;s organizers had the remains of several famous Revolutionary War figures moved there, including Continental Congress secretary Charles Thomson; Declaration of Independence signer Thomas McKean; Philadelphia war veteran and shipbuilder Jehu Eyre; hero of the Battle of Princeton, Hugh Mercer; and first director of the USA Mint, David Rittenhouse.</p><br>
<p>Many of the elaborate funerary monuments were designed by notable artists and architects including Alexander Milne Calder, Alexander Stirling Calder, Harriet Whitney Frishmuth and William Strickland. The monument design styles include Classical Revival, Gothic Revival and Egyptian Revival made out of materials such as marble, granite, cast-iron and sandstone.</p><br>
<p>From its inception, Laurel Hill was intended as a civic institution designed for public use. In an era before public parks, museums and arboretums, it was a multi-purpose cultural attraction where the general public could experience the art and refinement previously known only to the wealthy. By the 1840s, Laurel Hill was an immensely popular destination and required tickets for admission. Writer Andrew Jackson Downing reported "nearly 30,000 persons…entered the gates between April and December, 1848."</p><br>
<p>In 1844, due to increasing popularity, Laurel Hill purchased the 27-acre former estate of jurist William Rawle, half a mile south and named it South Laurel Hill. In 1849, a set of iron gates on sandstone piers was built in the southeastern corner of the cemetery and served as a secondary entrance.</p><br>
<p>In 1855, the Pennsylvania State Assembly authorized the cemetery to purchase an additional 10 acres from Frederick Stoever known as the Stoever Tract. The Yellow Fever Monument was built in this section in 1859 to honor the "Doctors, Druggists and Nurses" who helped fight the epidemic in Portsmouth, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>In 1860, Laurel Hill Cemetery had an estimated 140,000 people visit annually.</p><br>
<p>In 1861, the 21-acre estate of George Pepper between the two cemeteries was purchased and named Central Laurel Hill. With these additions, the cemetery reached the current size of approximately 95 acres. A bridge was built over Hunting Park Avenue to connect Central and South Laurel Hill.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery association restricted who could buy lots and the majority of burials were for white Protestants. The cemetery discouraged unmarried people from buying lots in order to keep the cemetery as a family destination.</p><br>
<p>During and after the American Civil War, Laurel Hill became the final resting place of hundreds of military figures, including 40 Civil War-era generals. Laurel Hill also became the favored burial place for many of Philadelphia&#39;s most prominent political and business figures, including Matthias W. Baldwin, founder of the Baldwin Locomotive Works; Henry Disston, owner of the largest saw factory in the world (the Disston Saw Works); and financier Peter A. B. Widener.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-19th century, the creation of Fairmount Park and the encroaching city began to limit the expansion of Laurel Hill Cemetery. In 1869, John Jay Smith, the founder of Laurel Hill Cemetery, purchased 200 acres from three farms in nearby Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania for the creation of West Laurel Hill Cemetery. The first burial occurred in 1870.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1913, a Doric receiving vault made of terra cotta was built in South Laurel Hill near the bridge connecting it to Central Laurel Hill.</p><br>
<p>By the 1970s, Laurel Hill Cemetery had fallen out of favor as a burial site. Many bodies were re-interred at the more suburban West Laurel Hill Cemetery and the remaining graves suffered neglect, vandalism and crime.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, Laurel Hill updated its policy and removed the prohibition on the burial of African-Americans in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the Friends of Laurel Hill Cemetery, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, was founded by descendants of John Jay Smith to support the cemetery. The mission of the Friends is to assist the Laurel Hill Cemetery Company in preserving and promoting the historical character of Laurel Hill. The Friends raise funds and seek contributed services; prepare educational and research materials emphasizing the historical, architectural and cultural importance of Laurel Hill Cemetery; and provide tour guides to educate the public. The organization was instrumental in Laurel Hill Cemetery&#39;s placement on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1998.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>In 2013, an 1883 bronze statue of a Civil War soldier was moved to Laurel Hill Cemetery. Cast at the Bureau Brothers Foundry, "The Silent Sentry" weighs 700 pounds and stands 7 feet, 2 inches high. It was installed in 1883 at the Soldiers&#39; Home of Philadelphia burial plot in Mount Moriah Cemetery. In 1970, thieves removed the statue from its base and attempted to sell it as scrap metal to a scrap yard in Camden, New Jersey, but the scrap dealer notified the authorities. It was recovered and repaired by the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. In 2013, the statue was installed and rededicated in Laurel Hill Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Laurel Hill Cemetery is also an accredited arboretum with over 6,000 trees and shrubs representing 700 species. The arboretum is a member of the American Public Gardens Association.</p><br>
<p>Laurel Hill Cemetery is a popular tourist destination that attracts thousands of visitors every year for historical tours, concerts, and physical recreation.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Tombstones for the fictional characters Adrian Balboa and Paulie Pennino from the Rocky movies sit near the main gatehouse. The Adrian Balboa tombstone was used as a prop in the 2006 movie Rocky Balboa and both were used in the 2015 movie Creed. In the films, Rocky visits the gravesites in the cemetery&#39;s South Laurel Hill section.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, Laurel Hill was a movie location for the films Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and Law Abiding Citizen.</p><br>
<p>The 2010 young adult book Tombstone Tea by Joanne Dahme takes place in Laurel Hill Cemetery and some of the well-known people buried there, such as Adam Forepaugh and Elisha Kent Kane, appear as characters.</p><br>
<p>The Blythe Intaglios or Blythe Geoglyphs are a group of gigantic figures incised on the ground near Blythe, California, in the Colorado Desert. The ground drawings or geoglyphs were created by humans for an as-yet-unknown reason.</p><br>
<p>The intaglios are located east of the Big Maria Mountains, about 15 mi north of downtown Blythe, just west of USA Highway 95 near the Colorado River. The Blythe Intaglios are the most well-known of the over 200 intaglios in the Colorado Desert. The Colorado Desert contains the only known desert intaglios in North America. These intaglios are mostly located along the Colorado River.</p><br>
<p>The Blythe Intaglios contain three human figures, two four-legged animals, and a spiral; although Harner (1953) reported two spirals. The largest human figure in the Blythe Intaglio group is 171 ft long. The intaglios are best viewed from the air.</p><br>
<p>Geoglyphs are found throughout the world, the construction methods ranging from earthen mounds, piles of stone, or the removal of surface plants or soil. The most famous desert intaglios are the Nazca Lines in Peru. The Blythe Geoglyphs or intaglios (anthropomorphic geoglyphs) were created by scraping away layers of darker rocks or pebbles to reveal a stratum of lighter-valued soil. The displaced rocks outlined the figures and the exposed soil was stamped down which makes it more difficult for plants to grow in the lines. The intaglios are located on flat terraces in the Colorado River floodplain.</p><br>
<p>While these "gravel pictographs" are found through the deserts of southeastern California, human figures are found only near the Colorado River. Other intaglios depict mountain lions, birds, snakes and unidentified zoomorphic and geometric shapes. The figures are so immense that many of them were not observed by non-natives until the 1930s. The set of Blythe Intaglios and nearby geoglyphs include several dozen figures, thought to be ceremonial in nature.</p><br>
<p>No Colorado River Native American group has claimed to have made the intaglios, although some have claimed to use them. Many of the intaglios are believed to date from the prehistoric period, but their age and the identity of their creators are still uncertain. If the quadruped figures represent horses (reintroduced in North America by the Spanish) then a historical date would be supported. Jay von Werlhof and his collaborators obtained 13 AMS radiocarbon dates for the figures, ranging from 900 BCE to 1200 CE.</p><br>
<h2>Rediscovery</h2><br>
<p>In 1932, George Palmer, a pilot flying between Las Vegas, Nevada and Blythe, California noticed the Blythe geoglyphs. His find led to a survey of the area in the same year by Arthur Woodward, Curator of History and Anthropology at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Malcolm J. Rogers subsequently studied and sketched the Blythe Intaglios in 1939. After National Geographic published an article about the Blythe Intaglios in 1952, people began to visit the site which led to some destruction of the intaglios.</p><br>
<p>The interest in the Blythe intaglios led to the search for and discovery of more desert intaglios. The Bureau of Land Management erected fences in 1974 to protect the intaglios and the Blythe Intaglios were placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Similar intaglios, named the Ripley Group, were found nearby in Arizona across the Colorado River from Ripley, California.</p><br>
<h2>Topock Maze</h2><br>
<p>The Topock Maze or Mojave Maze, another geoglyph site near Needles, California, covers 18 acre and consists of a series of parallel windrows approximately 5 ft apart. However, it is unclear whether the Topock Maze was created by Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>Edward Curtis reported in 1908 that, "The Mohave Indians near by have utilized the area... in recent years, as a maze into which to lure and escape evil spirits, for it is believed that by running in and out through one of these immense labyrinths, one haunted with a dread may bewilder the spirit occasioning it, and thus elude them." Similarly, an unpublished mid-20th century report cited second-hand ethnographic information that, prior to 1900, the "Mohave used to put some of their men in the center of the area of alignment and left them to find their way out of the maze without crossing the gravel alignments. By doing this they would leave the devil behind them."</p><br>
<p>However, Ruth Musser-Lopez reviewed historic and archaeological evidence concerning the "maze" and found strong support for the conjecture that the feature was originally created as a result of late nineteenth-century gravel harvesting for railroad construction and thus unrelated to the Blythe geoglyphs. For instance, old foot trails exist in undisturbed ground and stop at, but do not cross, the lines of gravel indicating that the gravel is more recent than the trails. The Mojave people have denied knowing the origin of the Topock Maze.</p><br>
<h2>Figures</h2><br>
<p>Patterns and circles at the site suggest that local groups may have danced there. One of the notable mythic figures is a 20 to 25 m humanoid figure located next to a second glyph, this of a quadruped resembling a mountain lion. Additionally, 18 ft figures bearing a likeness to Mastamho and Kataar, the "hero twins of the creation myth," can be seen near Fort Mojave in Arizona.</p><br>
<p>Some researchers hypothesize that the intaglios are stopping points on a keruk pilgrimage or simply the practice of the keruk ceremony at various places. The keruk was a mourning ceremony that was practiced by various Native Americans in southern California. The keruk included the re-enactment of the creator&#39;s death and the recognition of the people who had died since the last keruk. Warfare has been offered a possible explanation as to the spread along the Colorado River of ceremonies such as the keruk and the similar style of desert intaglios.</p><br>
<p>Of the nearly sixty sites containing humanoid figures, almost all of them have a deeply entrenched torso, while the limbs are much more shallowly etched into the surface. Often, the head and/or one or more arms of the figure will not have been represented at all. The largest human figure is 171 feet (52 m) long, while the smallest is 95 feet (29 m) long.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The majority of the Blythe geoglyphs are located 16 mi north of Blythe, California, off Highway 95, at the Interstate 10 exit and down several dirt roads for 15.5 mi. An historical marker (No. 101) placed by the California Department of Public Works, Division of Highways, commemorates the site. Chain link fences surround several of the figures.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The intaglios were featured prominently in the Hardy Boys novel Mystery of the Desert Giant, published in 1961.</p><br>
<p>Fort Duncan was a United States Army base, set up to protect the first USA settlement on the Rio Grande near the current town of Eagle Pass, Texas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A line of seven army posts was established in 1848–49 after the Mexican War to protect the settlers of West Texas and included Fort Worth, Fort Graham, Fort Gates, Fort Croghan, Fort Martin Scott, Fort Lincoln and Fort Duncan. Fort Duncan was established on March 27, 1849, when Captain Sidney Burbank occupied the site with companies A, B, and F of the First United States Infantry. On November 14, 1849, the post was named Fort Duncan, after Col. James Duncan, a hero of the Mexican–American War.</p><br>
<p>The post consisted of a storehouse, two magazines, four officers&#39; quarters, and a stone hospital, in addition to quarters for enlisted men. Construction was done half by the troops and half by hired workers. There was ample stone but no timber for building, and the men suffered from exposure. Company C, 1st Regiment of Artillery, asked permission to construct quarters at its own expense. During the 1850s, Fort Duncan provided merchants and traders protection from border frontier outlaws and Native Americans. The fort also served as a post for scouting Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>In 1854, Lt.s Philip Sheridan, Zenas Bliss, Richard W. Johnson and Assistant Surgeon Albert J. Myer were stationed here, the Lieutenants after graduating from West Point.</p><br>
<p>Fort Duncan became involved in an invasion of Mexico on 2 October 1855, when Texas Ranger Captain James H. Callahan led an effort to capture "runaway slaves", but confronted by Mexican regular troops, Seminoles and the ex-slaves, Callahan retreated to Piedras Negras, which caught fire, threatening his force with annihilation until Capt. Burbank covered Callahan&#39;s retreat across the Rio Grande with Fort Duncan artillery.</p><br>
<p>Secretary of War John B. Floyd ordered the post abandoned in May 1859, but Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee ordered the fort reoccupied in March 1860 during the Cortina Troubles. The fort at this time consisted of "25 buildings... nearly all are stone and adobe with thatched roofs."</p><br>
<p>General David E. Twiggs ordered the fort evacuated on 21 February 1861, just before the outbreak of the American Civil War. The CSA garrisoned the fort with volunteers and Texas Rangers, renaming it Rio Grande Station, which became an important port for the export of cotton into Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Federal troops reoccupied Fort Duncan on 23 March 1868 by the 41st Infantry under the command of Lt. Col. William R. Shafter, and Lt. Henry Ware Lawton as quartermaster. An additional unit of Buffalo soldiers stationed at the fort, besides the 41st, was the 9th Cavalry. This included George B. Jackson, later a businessman in San Angelo called "the wealthiest black man in Texas" during the second half of the 19th century. The 25th Infantry arrived under the command of Major Bliss in 1870, and the Black Seminole Scouts were organized at the fort, initially under the command of 2nd Lt. Henry Field Leggett, but later commanded by 2nd Lt. John L. Bullis.</p><br>
<p>The post was abandoned once again on 31 August 1883.</p><br>
<h2>Camp at Eagle Pass</h2><br>
<p>Camp at Eagle Pass was established on 3 April 1886 as a sub-post of Fort Clark until it was discontinued in February 1927. The 3rd Texas Volunteer Infantry was based here from 25 May 1898 until 16 February 1899. The camp was ordered abandoned in 1904 but a detachment of Signal Corps was placed here on 9 February 1911 while "Mexico was aflame with revolution" until 1914. The National Guard was mobilized here in 1916, joining the Coast Artillery Corps, while the 90th Aero Squadron operated DH-4Bs from here in 1919 until 1920, which included Jimmy Doolittle. Only a caretaker force remained to watch over the hospital from 1922 until final closure of the camp in 1927.</p><br>
<h2>Military Aviation</h2><br>
<p>On 3 March 1911, Benjamin Foulois and Philip Orin Parmelee flew the US military&#39;s first cross country reconnaissance flight here from Laredo using a Wright Model B covering 106 miles in two hours at an altitude of 800 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1933, the City of Eagle Pass Parks and Recreation Department began maintaining the old fort as a public park. The city formally acquired the property in 1938 at an auction price of $3760 and converted it into Fort Duncan Park. In 1942 the mayor offered the fort to the military for use during World War II. The government used the Fort Duncan Country Club as an officers&#39; club and the swimming pool for commissioned personnel stationed at Eagle Pass Army Air Field. The site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. Seven of the original buildings still stand today. In the early 1980s, the Fort Duncan Country Club caught fire and only the outer walls remain.</p><br>
<p>The Commander&#39;s Headquarters building has been converted into the Fort Duncan Museum, with exhibits of local and fort history and artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Fort Duncan in Eagle Pass IMG 0262.JPGFort Duncan Headquarter and Museum</p><br>
<p>Granada War Relocation Center, known to the internees as Camp Amache and later designated the Amache National Historic Site, was a concentration camp for Japanese Americans in Prowers County, Colorado. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Japanese Americans on the West Coast were rounded up and sent to remote camps.</p><br>
<p>The camp, located 1.3 mi southwest of the small farming community of Granada, south of USA Highway 50 (Colorado), On March 18, 2022, USA President Joe Biden signed the Amache National Historic Site Act authorizing the Granada War Relocation Center to become part of the National Park System. It was formally established as part of the National Park Service on February 15, 2024, the third National Historic Site in Colorado after Bent&#39;s Old Fort and the site of the Sand Creek Massacre.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the forced relocation of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast with Executive Order 9066. Over the spring of 1942, some 120,000 Japanese Americans were moved into temporary assembly centers before being transferred to more permanent and isolated relocation centers like Granada. Run by the War Relocation Authority, the government body responsible for administration of the incarceration program, Granada was one of ten such camps, the only one to be built on private land. The camp site covered 10,000 acres, of which only 640 acres was used for residential, community and administrative buildings, while the rest was devoted to agricultural projects. The land was owned by several ranchers and farmers before the war, and only one of these property owners willingly sold his acreage to make way for the camp, creating tension between the WRA and the other landholders, whose parcels were taken via condemnation. This did not necessarily translate to overall resistance to Japanese Americans being housed in the area: Colorado Governor Ralph Lawrence Carr was one of the few to welcome the Japanese Americans and the only governor not to oppose the establishment of a WRA camp in his state, going against the anti-Japanese sentiment of the times.</p><br>
<p>Granada opened August 27, 1942, and reached a peak population of 7,318 persons by February 1943, making it the smallest of the WRA camps (although the total number who passed through the camp during its three-year existence was over 10,000). Nearly all of the camp&#39;s original internees came from California: southwest Los Angeles, the Central Valley and the northern coast. Many had been residents of the Yamato Colony, a farming settlement established by Issei businessman Kyutaro Abiko.</p><br>
<p>The camps unofficial name quickly became Camp Amache, named after a Cheyenne chiefs daughter, Amache Prowers, the wife of John Wesley Prowers. (The county where Camp Amache is located is named after Prowers.)</p><br>
<p>The Camp Amache residential area is spread atop a low hill, which prevented the flooding and mud problems which plagued other WRA camps, although the area was prone to high winds and severe dust storms. It was surrounded by barbed-wire fencing, with eight machine-gun towers located all around the camp. However, all eight towers were rarely manned at one time, and the guns were never used. The Project Director, James G. Lindley, allowed internees to take day trips to the town of Granada, located within walking distance of the camp, and although some locals remained hostile to their "Jap" neighbors, most eventually warmed to the internees, with many business owners hiring Japanese Americans and stocking goods that catered to their Amache customers.</p><br>
<p>Although relations with the residents of Granada and other nearby communities were largely positive, many Coloradans protested the construction of Amache High School in 1943. The region was still recovering from the Depression of the 1930s, and citizens argued their tax dollars should not go to support Japanese American students. Echoing widespread rumors that the WRA was "coddling" confined Japanese Americans while the rest of the country suffered from wartime shortages, USA Senator Edwin C. Johnson called it an example of "pampering" the enemy. The high school was completed in June 1943, but plans to construct two additional schools for elementary and junior high students were abandoned; middle schoolers shared the Amache High building with older students, while elementary school classes continued in a barracks in Block 8H. There were several clubs, extracurricular activities, and social events that were available to students of all grade levels in Amanche High School.</p><br>
<p>Sources indicate that the high school football team lost one game in three years. One noteworthy event was when the Amache football team played the undefeated football team from Holly, Colorado, which is located just 11 mi east of Amache on USA 50. This game was unique because Holly actually agreed to come up to the camp and play Amache on their home field. One of the Holly team players was Roy Romer, who went on to become Governor of Colorado. The Amache team won this game by a score of 7-0, the only touchdown coming from a trick play, thus the Amache team can claim to be undefeated on their own field.</p><br>
<p>Adults in camp had various opportunities for employment. The camp had a police department which was worked by sixty Japanese American internees, although it was headed by a white security officer. Similarly, the Amache Fire Department consisted of three crews of Japanese American firefighters and one internee fire chief working under white supervisors. Some (though not many) who had earned teaching credentials prior to their confinement were employed in the camp schools. A silkscreen shop was established in 1943, and its forty-five staff members created training materials and over 250,000 color posters for the USA Navy, in addition to calendars, program events and other personal-use items for camp residents. As in all the WRA camps, doctors, nurses, dentists, and other healthcare workers found work at the camp hospital, although they were paid significantly less than their white coworkers — and fellow internees often pooled money to subsidize their low wages.</p><br>
<p>Most of the work in Granada was directed at agricultural production. Like most of the other WRA camps, the land surrounding the residential areas were devoted to farming and raising livestock. The WRA budget restricted the per-inmate food allotment to 45 cents a day, partly to avoid the complaints of coddling and partly because the camp was intended to be mostly self-sufficient in its food production. These efforts proved especially successful at Granada, where internee laborers produced enough to feed the entire camp population and send the surplus to the USA Army and other camps. (In 1943, for example, Granada farmers grew 4 million pounds of vegetables.)</p><br>
<p>Internee leaders set up a separate Amache District for Boy Scouts at the camp. These Scouts still flew the American flag as seen in the photograph at right of a Boy Scout Memorial Day parade at the camp.</p><br>
<p>In June 1942, the War Department authorized the formation of the 100th Infantry Battalion consisting of 1,432 men of Japanese descent in the Hawaii National Guard and sent them to Camps McCoy and Shelby for advanced training. Because of its superior training record, the Armys previous restrictions against Nisei (listed as enemy aliens ineligible for active service after Pearl Harbor) were lifted in order to create the 442nd RCT in January 1943 when 10,000 men from Hawaii signed up with eventually 2,686 being chosen along with 1,500 from the mainland. The 100th Infantry Battalion entered combat in September 1943 and it became known as the Purple Heart Battalion because of their heroism and horrific casualties. It was joined by the 442nd RCT in June 1944 and together it lived up to the motto "Go For Broke" because of the degree to which its soldiers risked their lives in battle and became the most highly decorated unit in the war and to this day, for its size and length of service. Eventually, 441 Nisei joined the USA Army from this camp, either volunteering or accepting their conscription into the famed 100th/442nd and MIS. In the southwest corner of the camp is a small cemetery and memorial dedicated to the Japanese Americans from there who volunteered to fight in Europe in World War II. A large stone memorial with 31 mens names engraved in it sits in the cemetery in memory of those soldiers from Amache who died defending the USA</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and designation</h2><br>
<p>Since 1990, the Amache Preservation Society, a Granada high school group, has worked on preservation of the site and its documents. As a school project, Granada Undivided High School students have set up a museum for the Granada War Relocation Center.</p><br>
<p>On December 21, 2006, President George W. Bush signed H.R. 1492 into law guaranteeing $38,000,000 in federal money to restore the Granada relocation center and nine other former Japanese American internment camps. Granada Relocation Center National Historic Site Acts were introduced in 2006 and 2007 by Colorado Sen. Wayne Allard but got no traction.</p><br>
<p>In April 2021, Colorado USA Representatives Ken Buck and Joe Neguse introduced the Amache National Historic Site Act (HR 2497). President Joe Biden signed the act into law on March 18, 2022, authorizing the site to become part of the National Park Service pending acquisition of property. The NPS completed a Special Resource Study on the site in October 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Notable internees</h2><br>
<p>Kaneji Domoto (1913&ndash;2002), an architect and landscape architect</p><br>
<p>(1902&ndash;2001), nurseryman, noted horticulturist (camellias)</p><br>
<p>Robert S. Hamada (born 1937), the Edward Eagle Brown Distinguished Service Professor of Finance and former Dean of the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business</p><br>
<p>Mike Honda (born 1941), an American politician</p><br>
<p>Lawson Fusao Inada (born 1938), an American poet. Also interned at Jerome</p><br>
<p>(1919–2017), an art museum director at Michigan State University, and community activist</p><br>
<p>Yasuhiro Ishimoto (1921&ndash;2012), an influential photographer</p><br>
<p>Kiyoshi K. Muranaga (1922&ndash;1944), a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the Medal of Honor</p><br>
<p>Yuriko Nakai (born 1932), watercolor artist and author</p><br>
<p>Emiko Nakano (1925–1990), abstract expressionist painter, printmaker</p><br>
<p>Walter Oi (1929&ndash;2013), the Elmer B. Milliman Professor of Economics at the University of Rochester and fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Okamura (1932&ndash;2009), a screen print artist</p><br>
<p>Chiyoko Sakamoto (1912&ndash;1994), California’s first Japanese American female lawyer</p><br>
<p>Sab Shimono (born 1937), an actor. Also interned at Tule Lake.</p><br>
<p>Mari Yoriko Sabusawa (1920–1994), a translator, activist, and philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Pat Suzuki (born 1930), a popular singer and actress</p><br>
<p>Esther Takei Nishio (1925–2019), "test case" as the first internee to return and enroll in a California university in 1944</p><br>
<p>Tetsuo Toyama (18831971), Japanese journalist. Also interned at Jerome War Relocation Center</p><br>
<p>Tokio Ueyama (1889–1954), painter</p><br>
<p>Edison Uno (1929&ndash;1976), a Japanese American civil rights advocate. Also interned at the Crystal City Internment Camp.</p><br>
<p>Ruth Taiko Watanabe (1916&ndash;2005), a music librarian</p><br>
<p>George Yuzawa (1915&ndash;2011), a community activist</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Author Sandra Dallas uses Granada as the basis of her fictional work Tallgrass.</p><br>
<p>Lily Yuriko Nakai Havey, an internee at Amache, published a memoir of her time in the camp, Gasa Gasa Girl Goes to Camp, in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Hazel Green Academy was a school in the little village of Hazel Green, eastern Wolfe County, eastern Kentucky. It was established in 1880 by a Charter from the Kentucky Legislature. The bill was introduced by a Hazel Green citizen, Senator W.O. Mize. The Founders of the school were Mize and his wife, Hazel Green merchant, J. Taylor Day, and Green Berry Swango.</p><br>
<p>The first classes were held in the Hazel Green Masonic Hall, before a permanent school building was erected downtown in 1885. N. B. (Napoleon Bonaparte) Hays was the first principal. He was later the Attorney General of Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>At the invitation of the Founders, in 1886, the Kentucky Christian Woman&#39;s Board of Missions (CWBM), a sisterhood of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), assumed operation of the financially ailing school. The magnitude of the undertaking as the "Kentucky Mountain Mission" caused the Kentucky Board to appeal to the National CWBM at Indianapolis for support. By 1919, the CWBM was enveloped in the new United Christian Missionary Society (UCMS) which sponsored the Academy.</p><br>
<p>The school closed on August 31, 1983. Its last Director was Robert "Sandy" Goodlett and the last Principal was Bob Dailey. Dailey was the principal, 1980–83. Before that he was the math and science teacher for two years.</p><br>
<p>In its earlier years, the Academy was called the "Athens of the West" and the "Mother Mountain School" as it preceded other private, missionary and public schools in its 20 county service area by several years.</p><br>
<p>Much of the Academy complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, qualifying because of its significant place in the area&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, commonly called "Haystack," is a craft school located at 89 Haystack School Drive on the coast of Deer Isle, Maine.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Haystack was founded in 1950 by a group of craft artists in the Belfast, Maine area, with support from Mary Beasom Bishop. The first director of Haystack was Francis Sumner Merritt, whose wife Priscilla Merritt was also an administrator. It took its name from its original location near Haystack Mountain, in Montville, Maine. The school was located in Montville/Liberty, Maine through 1960, but when it became clear that it needed to move, Mary B. Bishop asked one of its trustees, artist William H. Muir to find a place to move to the Maine coast. Muir and his wife Emily found a property on Deer Isle, which Bishop purchased to facilitate building a permanent location. In 1961 the school was moved to its current campus on Deer Isle.</p><br>
<p>The campus and buildings were designed by architect Edward Larrabee Barnes, and consists of 34 buildings clustered onto 8 acre of the more than 40 acre campus property, located on Stinson&#39;s Neck, an appendage extending southeast from the main part of the island of Deer Isle. The buildings were designed by Barnes to fit well within their environment, and to provide views of the surrounding land- and seascape. In 1994, the school campus won the "Twenty-five Year Award" from the American Institute of Architects. The award is given to a structure (or in this case, several structures) whose construction and original intent have withstood the test of time. The school was honored again in 2005 when the campus was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Since 2004, the school has published a quarterly newspaper, Haystack Gateway. In 2016, Craft in America included Haystack in its list of significant craft places in America.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, curators Rachael Arauz and Diana Greenwold organized In the Vanguard: Haystack Mountain School of Crafts 1950-1969, a major exhibition and scholarly catalogue addressing the school&#39;s early history.</p><br>
<p>Also in 2019, Alana VanDerwerker, an independent scholar. Maine artist, art teacher, and student of the school in the 1970s, wrote a historical account of Haystack titled. This book was based on numerous archival letters and personally conducted interviews with Francis Sumner Merritt and many of the earliest participants of Haystack, including Edward L, Barnes, Jack Lenor Larsen, and the sister of Mary Beasom Bishop. It tells why and how the school began and thrived and why and how it moved to Deer Isle.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Haystack offers summer workshops of one to three weeks in blacksmithing, clay, fibers, glass, graphics, metals, and wood. The school has no permanent faculty; the workshops are taught by visiting professors and artists from around the United States. Since 2012, Haystack has operated an annual two-week artist residency (supported by funding from the Windgate Charitable Foundation) during which artists may move among studios and receive technical assistance. Haystack does not award academic degrees, although credit for their workshops can be earned through Maine College of Art & Design and the University of Southern Maine.</p><br>
<p>In addition to offering traditional tools and facilities for crafts, Haystack is a member of MIT&#39;s Fab Lab network.</p><br>
<p>The Napa Valley Opera House is a theatre in Napa, California, it opened on February 13, 1880, with a production of Gilbert and Sullivan&#39;s HMS Pinafore.</p><br>
<p>At the time, the town had a population of 5,000 people.</p><br>
<h2>Early days</h2><br>
<p>The original owner was George Crowey and Charles Levansaler managed the facility. The building was designed in the Italianate style by Newsom and Newsom (Samuel Newsom and Joseph C. Newsom). Newsom and Newsom were the renowned architects of the 19th century, who also built the Carson Mansion in Eureka, California, in addition to many public and private buildings throughout the State. Construction of the theater featuring a stained glass skylight, brass chandeliers and a curved staircase leading to the balcony started in 1879. The building had stores and restaurants on the first floor while the stage occupied the second and third floor. The floor of the auditorium was uniquely constructed with a flat floor in order to accommodate local dances and pageants. The theater had an advertising curtain where local businesses were promoted.</p><br>
<p>During the height of vaudeville, the theatre flourished with the presentation of music and variety acts. In 1896 John L. Sullivan fought an exhibition match and John Philip Sousa brought his brass band to the venue. In 1905, following her debut in San Francisco, Luisa Tetrazzini performed on stage and in the same year, Jack London read from his works.</p><br>
<p>The theatre closed in 1914 due to damage from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the decline of vaudeville, and the advent of film. During the following seventy years, the building was used for a variety of commercial purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Revival and restoration</h2><br>
<p>The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973; however, it was not until 1985 that a non-profit group was set up to restore the theatre. In 1997, Robert Mondavi and his wife Margrit issued a challenge grant of $2.2 million to spur the theatre&#39;s reconstruction towards the total cost of $13.7 million for the project.</p><br>
<h2>Reopening</h2><br>
<p>The bottom floor of the building was converted to an intimate venue with seating for 200 people. It was named the Cafe Theatre and it opened in June 2002 with a performance by jazz singer Dianne Reeves.</p><br>
<p>The larger upstairs venue opened on July 31, 2003, with an opening-night performance by Rita Moreno followed by a performance of Gilbert and Sullivan&#39;s HMS Pinafore, the same show that opened the original venue 123 years prior.</p><br>
<p>The upstairs theatre has seating for an audience of 500, modern lighting and sound system with an orchestra pit large enough for 40 musicians. The venue now hosts several headline entertainment acts every month including plays, musical performances and dance.</p><br>
<p>In June 2011, the City Council of Napa voted to grant a $1.5 million forgivable loan to help retire the $3.4 million debt remaining on the facility. Funds for the grant came from existing redevelopment funds that had not been committed to other projects. The terms of the loan included several conditions that would benefit the city and its citizens by allowing the city to use the building for up to 24 days per year at cost and requiring the facility to be rented twice per year to nonprofit organizations at a discounted rate. By 2011, the facility was booking over 100 events per year with a goal of increasing this number to 200 events.</p><br>
<p>In August 2011, the Board of Directors hired Peter Williams as the new Executive / Artistic Director. He came to Napa from Yoshis jazz club in Oakland where he was Artistic Director from May 1999 until July 2011. Peter Williams left City Winery in May 2014 to move back to booking Yoshis San Francisco, which was sold to new owners.</p><br>
<p>After a $2.5 million renovation, Michael Dorf&#39;s 300-seat venue, City Winery, opened on April 10, 2014.</p><br>
<p>City Winery ceased operating the venue in late 2015.</p><br>
<p>Darkesville is an unincorporated community in Berkeley County, West Virginia, United States. Established in 1791, Darkesville has been nationally recognized as a historic district.</p><br>
<p>A post office and school (now closed) once operated in Darkesville.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Darkesville lies between Inwood and Martinsburg along USA Route 11. The community&#39;s elevation is 535 feet (163 m), and it is located at 39&deg;22&prime;25&Prime;N latitude, 78&deg;1&prime;30&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>Middle Creek flows through the center of Darkesville.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Established by an act of the Virginia General Assembly on December 7, 1791, on the property of James Buckells, Darkesville is named for William Darke, a Virginia military officer who had his headquarters in the community. Historically, Darkesville has been known by various names and a wide variety of spellings. An 1895 atlas showed the community as "Buckletown", and later variants included "Buckellstown", "Buckels Town", "Buckelstown", "Buckle Town" and "Bucklestown", all referring to the entrepreneurial James Buckles (1732-1796) who contributed land and laid out the town in 1790. "James Town" and "Locke" have also been applied to the community. Its current name has also been spelled "Darkes" and "Darkville".</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>In 1980, the community was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district. Darkesville was recognized for its historic architecture, which includes approximately twenty-five buildings constructed as log cabins in 1810 or earlier.</p><br>
<h2>External sources</h2><br>
<p>8thVirginia.com (Gabriel Neville)</p><br>
<p>First Ladies National Historic Site is a United States National Historic Site located in Canton, Ohio. During her residency in Washington, D.C. Mary Regula, wife of Ohio representative Ralph Regula, spoke regularly about the nation&#39;s first ladies. Recognizing the paucity of research materials available she created a board to raise funds and for a historian to assemble a comprehensive bibliography on American first ladies. From these inspirations came a National First Ladies’ Library, established in 1996, and the First Ladies National Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>Operations</h2><br>
<p>The site was established in 2000 to commemorate all the United States first ladies and comprises two buildings: the Ida Saxton McKinley Historic Home and the Education & Research Center. The act that established this site was at the 106th Congress meeting at the second session. The act to establish this site was bundled under other laws and is known as an omnibus. The purpose of the site is to inform the public about the influences that the First ladies of the United States had on the public and to the president, to teach the public about their contributions, and to not be remembered as just the wives of the President of the United States.</p><br>
<p>Tours start at the Education & Research Center, located one block north of the Saxton McKinley house on Market Avenue. The 1895 building, formerly the City National Bank Building, was given to the National First Ladies’ Library in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The first floor features a theater, a large exhibit and meeting space and a small library room with a collection of books that replicates First Lady Abigail Fillmores collection for the first White House Library. The centers second floor is home to the main National First Ladies&#39; Library. Other floors contain conference rooms, storage and office space.</p><br>
<p>The Ida Saxton McKinley Historic Home preserves the home of Ida McKinley, the wife of USA president William McKinley. The brick Victorian house, built in 1841 and modified in 1865, is furnished in the style of the Victorian era. Costumed docents provide tours, and exhibits focus on President and Mrs. McKinley, photos of first ladies, and Victorian decorations.</p><br>
<p>Admission to the First Ladies National Historic Site, which is free, includes the exhibits in the Education & Research Center, and for a nominal fee, a guided tour of the Ida Saxton McKinley Historic Home is available.</p><br>
<p>The site is operated by the National First Ladies&#39; Library in a partnership agreement with the National Park Service and managed by Cuyahoga Valley National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Regional affiliation and superintendents</h2><br>
<p>The site is being managed by the Cuyahoga Valley National Park, and thus its superintendent is the same. The first superintendent who oversaw the site was:</p><br>
<p>John Debo - Was the superintendent for Cuyahoga Valley National Park from 1988 to 2009. Since the site&#39;s creation in the year 2000, he was also the superintendent for the First Ladies National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>Craig Kenkel - After John Debo&#39;s retirement from the superintendent position, it would be another five years before the position would be filled. Craig Kenkel was the superintendent for this site from the year 2014 to 2020 before he would be appointed to another national park as their superintendent.</p><br>
<p>Lisa Petit - The current superintendent for the First Ladies National Historic Site. She was first named Deputy Superintendent of the park by Craig Kenkel and promoted to the Superintendent position after Kenkel left.</p><br>
<h2>Maintenance cost issues</h2><br>
<p>Since its creation in the year 2000, the historic site has faced many problems. The maintenance cost was estimated in 2014 at $220,000 for a complete restoration. That figure kept climbing until the year 2017 when it needed $1,017,000. The cost decreased to $882,000 in 2018.</p><br>
<p>Fremont Older Open Space Preserve is a 739 acre regional park located in Santa Clara County, California and operated by the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District. The preserve contains 14.7 miles  of hiking trails, nearly all open to equestrians and bicycles. The area has been owned by the district since 1975.</p><br>
<p>The preserve is named after San Francisco newspaper editor Fremont Older, a previous owner. Older and his wife, Cora, purchased the then-200 acre property for $10,000 in 1912. They built a house there in 1914, where the Olders lived until their deaths, Fremont in 1935 and Cora in 1968. The house, known as Woodhills, has an unusual architectural style which incorporates both the shingle style and the then-developing modern movement.</p><br>
<p>The house was condemned at the time the district purchased the property, and was to be demolished. However, in 1979, newspaper publisher Mort Levine lobbied the district to save the house. The district agreed to lease it to Levine for 25 years at $1 per year. Levine and his wife spent $350,000 and the next 12 years renovating the house, which is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is now their private residence, but is open to docent-led tours each spring.</p><br>
<p>Notable locations in the park include Hunters Point, a 900 ft. (275 m) bald hilltop which is locally known for its sweeping views of the south Bay Area as well as Maisies Peak (the highest point in the preserve) and Garrod Farms.</p><br>
<p>The preserve contains many miles of trails and connects with other nearby locations, such as Stevens Creek County Park and Montebello Open Space Preserve.</p><br>
<p>The Staple Bend Tunnel, about 4 mi east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at 901 ft in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined.</p><br>
<p>Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the USA the first two tunnels were for canals in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Work began on November 21, 1831, and often occurred during inclement conditions. The men were paid $13 per month plus room and board for 12-hour days, 6 days per week. Workers chipped and blasted 901 ft of solid rock to make the tunnel.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 14,900 cubic yards of bedrock was removed using black powder blasting. This was done by drilling 3 ft-long holes and packing them with powder. Drilling one typical hole took up to three hours of hard effort using a three-man crew. Nine to ten holes, each 1 in in diameter and 36 in in length, were made before blasting. 1 lb of explosive powder wrapped in paper was pushed into each hole, tamped down, punctured with a sharp needle, and a fuse added. Fuses were lit with explosions to occur at mealtime. Workers would eat while the dust settled; then get to work cleaning (mucking) the tunnel. Of the 36-inch hole drilled only 18 in, or half of the hole, was blasted.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel grew about 18 in each day, with both sides moving toward the center. On December 21, 1832, the workmen broke through the final barrier and connected the two ends of the tunnel. There was much celebration with speeches and toasts. The full tunnel excavation was completed in April 1833.</p><br>
<p>The ends of the Staple Bend Tunnel were lined with cut stone for safety. Rock and dirt might fall due to rain or other weather, or from the effects of the Portage Railroad going through the tunnel. The fancy entrances to the tunnel were to impress the travelers and the general public. The style was described as a "Roman Revival style with low relief lintel supported by Doric pilasters on each side." Of the total $37,498.85 spent, nearly half was to build the fancy entrance ways. After a few years of operation, the Allegheny Portage Railroad, including the tunnel, was sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1857.</p><br>
<h2>After the Portage</h2><br>
<p>In 1907, Henry Storey wrote that the east entrance facade of the tunnel had been removed for building purposes. He gave no indication of a date or the building on which the stones were used. The west entrance facade remains and has been restored to its former grandeur.</p><br>
<p>After the demise of the old Portage Railroad the tunnel had other uses. Neither the "new Portage" nor the Pennsylvania Railroad used the tunnel. It was instead a popular carriage route until the Johnstown Flood in 1889. Afterward, flood damage and other concerns made the tunnel a less desirable driving spot although local residents continued to visit, and even go courting at the tunnel until the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>In the 1940s a concrete liner was added to the east portal of the tunnel and large water lines as well as a water vault structure were built. The Manufacturer&#39;s Water Company closed the tunnel to the public and the water lines were used by Bethlehem Steel.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994, and in 2001 became part of the Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site, administered by the National Park Service. Rock bolts, shoring posts, and other reinforcements were added as well as a thin mortar between the historic blocks. The tunnel is now open to the public for use as part of the Staple Bend Tunnel Trail.</p><br>
<p>Monte Ne was a health resort and planned community established and operated by William Hope Harvey from 1901 into the 1920s. It was located in a valley just east of the town of Rogers, Arkansas, though today its location is mostly under the waters of Beaver Lake. The resort consisted of several hotels, a lake, an indoor swimming pool, a golf course, tennis courts, bowling alleys, its own post office and bank, as well as a dedicated train line and an imported Italian gondola to conduct guests to the resort. In 1931 Monte Ne was the site of the only presidential convention ever held in the state.</p><br>
<p>Despite Harveys efforts to publicize his resort and draw both visitors and businesses, Monte Ne was not a financial success. By 1920 the rail line had been sold and abandoned, and the Monte Ne Bank closed. Given these setbacks, and Harveys belief that civilization was doomed, he began to focus his efforts on building "The Pyramid", a 130 foot tall obelisk that would eventually contain books and objects that reflected human life in the 20th century, preserving them for future generations to discover. Harvey exhausted his funds constructing an elaborate amphitheater to serve as the pyramid&#39;s foundation, and the stock market crash of 1929 ended all hopes of raising the necessary money to build the pyramid.</p><br>
<p>By the time of Harveys death in 1936, most of the resorts assets had been sold off. Some of the resort buildings were repurposed and continued to be used on and off until the 1960s, when the United States Army Corps of Engineers began construction of a dam on the White River, creating Beaver Lake. The lake flooded almost the entirety of the resort, with only the remnants of one hotel tower and some building foundations still regularly visible. This tower was demolished in February 2023 by the Corps of Engineers, citing ongoing vandalism and health hazards posed by the deteriorating structure. And yet, when Beaver Lake levels drop sufficiently, portions of the enigmatic amphitheater become visible again.</p><br>
<h2>William Hope Coin Harvey</h2><br>
<p>William Hope "Coin" Harvey was a well-known and successful lawyer, businessman, politician, author and lecturer in the 1890s. His 1894 pamphlet, "Coins Financial School", sold over one million copies in its first year, and earned him the nickname Coin. Harveys belief in the economic topic of "Free Silver" had a strong influence on 1896 Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan, and Harvey actively campaigned for Bryan during that year&#39;s election. This campaigning led Harvey to visit northwest Arkansas. In 1900 he purchased land near a small village called Silver Springs, and renamed the area "Monte Ne", which he claimed were the Spanish and Native American names for "mountain" and "water". Harvey wrote, "The people of Arkansas are to be congratulated on having no large city and no extremely rich people. For these reasons I have come here to make my home".</p><br>
<p>Harvey and his family moved into an existing house on the property of Monte Ne. In December 1901 the house burned and destroyed much of the familys belongings. Harveys wife, Anna, moved to Chicago and only returned once to Monte Ne, for the funeral of their son Hal in 1903.</p><br>
<h2>Initial construction projects</h2><br>
<p>In December 1900, with $52,000 of individual investors&#39; money and $48,000 of his own, Harvey formed the Monte Ne Investment Company, which held the deeds to all of the land.</p><br>
<p>In July of that year Harvey imported a 50-foot gondola from Italy and began selling rides on the lagoon. In August, Harvey&#39;s son and brother-in-law opened a bathhouse featuring a 25 foot by 50 foot indoor pool, complete with slides, springboards, and heated water, the first in Arkansas. A two lane bowling alley was also added.</p><br>
<h2>Railroad</h2><br>
<p>Harvey needed a way to get people to Monte Ne. In 1900, there were few adequate roads, and automobiles were not yet practical. Harvey chose to build a five-mile (8 km) railroad line spur from the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad ("Frisco") in Lowell, Arkansas, to Monte Ne. The Arkansas Railroad Commission granted a charter on April 26, 1902, and the Monte Ne Railway Company was incorporated the following month with a capital stock of $250,000. Harvey purchased an engine, a tender, and a passenger coach from the Frisco Railroad and built a large log depot along the bank of the lake at Monte Ne. He employed his imported gondola to move guests from the rail depot to the resort hotels, and Harvey often promoted Monte Ne as: "the only place in America where the gondola meets the train". The line was opened on June 19, 1902, and former presidential candidate and friend William Jennings Bryan spoke at the opening ceremony.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately for Harvey, the railroad was not a success. Its service was erratic, and many guests actually arrived via special Frisco excursion trains. In 1908 the Monte Ne rail line was sold to the Arkansas, Oklahoma & Western Railroad (AO&W) and then to the Kansas City & Memphis Railroad (KC&M) in 1910 when the former went bankrupt. Passenger service continued until 1914, and the line hauled lumber and freight for a few years longer.</p><br>
<h2>Further hotel construction</h2><br>
<p>Harvey envisioned adding more hotels to Monte Ne. He retained the services of A. O. Clarke, a successful architect from St. Louis. In April 1904 the Monte Ne Club House Hotel and Cottage Company was organized with $250,000 in capital and with Clarke as both the chief architect and superintendent. Five hotels were proposed: a three-story main building called the Club House Hotel and four "cottage rows", each to be named for a state bordering on Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>The first two hotels commissioned were the Missouri Row and the Club House Hotel. Missouri Row was designed to be 46 ft wide and 305 ft long and built of 8,000 logs and 14,000 cubic feet (396 m) of concrete. Red tiles for the roof were shipped from Chicago. The Club House Hotel was designed to use stone and concrete, “as palatial as a Roman imperial villa” with an 18-foot-high waterfall in the lobby. In May 1905, in order to speed construction, workers were asked to work longer hours for no increase in pay. The workers went on strike, and Harvey fired them.</p><br>
<p>Harvey was involved in a physical altercation with one of the workers, who was unhappy about what had been written about him in the Monte Ne newspaper. The worker alleged Harvey pulled a gun on him, Harvey claimed self defense, but the pistol was knocked to the ground and a scuffle ensued. In the end Harvey required several days of bed rest to recover.</p><br>
<p>The strike was soon resolved, but work on the Club House Hotel was suspended and despite the fact the first floor was built, it was never finished. All of the workers focused on finishing the Missouri Row, which opened in September 1905 with room rates of $1 a day and $6 a week.</p><br>
<p>With financing from almost 300 new stockholders, construction began on the Oklahoma Row in 1907. Also designed by A.O. Clarke, it was another log and tile construction, with a three-story concrete tower on the south end. During this period of construction Harvey was very concerned about the financial situation at the resort, writing to his wife "I am trying to save the ship from sinking". Opening in 1909, all 40 rooms featured electric lights, indoor plumbing, and running spring water. According to an article in the 1963 Daily Oklahoman, it was touted as the largest log hotel in the world. Due to lack of funds, when Oklahoma Row finally opened there was no gala event, as there had been when Missouri Row was finished.</p><br>
<h3>Theme song</h3><br>
<p>In 1901, Harvey commissioned a theme song for Monte Ne. "Beautiful Monte Ne" was written by a Rogers local, Edward Wolfe, and copyrighted by Harvey in 1906.</p><br>
<p>Beautiful Monte Ne, God&#39;s gift to man they say</p><br>
<p>Health resort of all the world is beautiful Monte Ne</p><br>
<p>Rosy cheeks and purer blood they gain there day by day</p><br>
<p>in mountain air water rare at beautiful Monte Ne</p><br>
<h2>Business development and resort operations</h2><br>
<p>Harvey tried to get businesses to move to Monte Ne, but few actually did. Monte Ne&#39;s small downtown area had at one time a general store, a livery stable, a gristmill, and a post office. Harvey issued his own money, or scrip, which was accepted and used as cash in and around Monte Ne. Scrip was a way of financing his mercantile without requiring operating capital. Harvey would purchase items with the scrip and promised to redeem it within 30 days. If the item did not sell, the scrip had no value.</p><br>
<p>In 1905 Harvey established the Bank of Monte Ne. He again turned to architect A.O. Clarke. He designed a two-story, 50 by 70 ft (15 by 21 m) building (usually referred to as the "Bank Block") including the bank and a store room on the main floor, as well as a lodge room and offices on the second floor. The building was across the street from the post office. The bank operated until 1914, when depositors and lenders were paid off and any other funds were transferred to a bank in Rogers.</p><br>
<p>To help attract tourists, Harvey often brought in musicians and hosted dances and other events to give Monte Ne a constant festive atmosphere. He used the Monte Ne Herald, run by his son Tom, to promote these events. The newspaper only lasted until 1905, probably due to financial troubles and Harvey&#39;s publication of personal attacks. There were sporting events in Monte Ne such as tennis, croquet, and fox hunting. A golf course was built sometime before 1909.</p><br>
<p>Harvey&#39;s difficult-to-please nature often ended up driving away more people than it attracted. Harvey had a lights-out at 10 p.m. policy, and at least once he cut the main electricity to the town in order to enforce his curfew. Disgruntled guests left the next day. He was also criticized for holding events on Sunday and for banning children and people who were ill from the resort.</p><br>
<h2>Roads</h2><br>
<p>By 1913, the Monte Ne railroad has failed and Harvey realized that automobiles were becoming a more common method for vacationers to travel. In 1913 Harvey spearheaded the founding of The Ozark Trails Association (OTA) to promote marking and building (but not financing) quality highways. Not surprisingly, his interest was in bringing people to Monte Ne, as he stated: "My personal interest in the Ozark Trails is that they all lead to Monte Ne", though he said further "My inclination runs toward doing something of a progressive nature that will promote the collective good, and I have now concentrated all that inclination on carrying out the system of roads known as the Ozark Trails".</p><br>
<p>Arguably, the OTA was William Harvey&#39;s most successful endeavor. From the initial meeting at Monte Ne on July 10, 1913, the annual meeting hosted 7,000 delegates in Oklahoma City in 1916. The group built large obelisks, listing the names of the benefactors, along the routes and trails that it sponsored.</p><br>
<p>Interest in the group began to waver noticeably when Harvey finally stepped down as president at a 1920 convention in Pittsburg, Kansas, that was attended by only 200 delegates. By the mid-1920s, highways and roads had become completely government-funded and there was no longer a need for local sponsorship. The OTAs naming system, using historic names and names of contributors, had also become confusing and inefficient because of the myriad names and disputes over different names for the same stretch of roadway. Therefore, the USA Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) changed all the roadways names to uniform numbers, despite fierce protest from the OTA. The group had lost its relevance and disbanded in 1924, but many of the roads they helped develop became part of the historic USA Route 66.</p><br>
<p>Another group, with no affiliation but with the same name, was created in the early 1970s to promote the maintenance of recreational trails in the Ozarks.</p><br>
<h2>The Pyramid</h2><br>
<p>By 1920, Harvey had suffered more than a decade of personal business setbacks. His son Hal died in a railway accident in 1903, and his other son Tom left in 1908 and never returned. His wife Anna and two daughters moved to Chicago in 1902, and his marriage was permanently estranged. Harvey ran for the Arkansas Third Congressional District Seat in 1913 but lost in the Democratic primary. His Monte Ne was also failing. The railway had been sold and the Bank of Monte Ne had also gone out of business. Few permanent homes and businesses had been constructed. The automobile began to change vacation habits, and rather than take a train to a resort and spend days or weeks, touring the country by automobile became possible. World War I also had an impact on the world economy. Faced with these severe dilemmas, Harvey had begun reasoning that the end of civilization was at hand. In February 1920, he published Common Sense, in which Harvey announced his intention to leave a message for the future in the form of a pyramid.</p><br>
<p>Harvey did some deep research into the history of the Ozark Mountains. He claimed that they were some of the oldest mountains in the world and definitely the oldest in the United States. They had been untouched by volcanoes and earthquakes. He believed that the mountains around Monte Ne would eventually crumble and fill the valley with silt and sediment. Figuring that the mountains were approximately 240 ft high, Harvey planned to construct a massive concrete obelisk, and its capstone would remain above the debris. Archaeologists in the distant future would be able to dig down and find the monument. He called the project "The Pyramid", and dedicated the rest of his life to its construction.</p><br>
<p>The obelisk was planned to be 130 ft tall. Harvey&#39;s books, explaining 20th-century civilization, as well as a world globe, a bible, encyclopedias, and newspapers, were to be placed inside two vaults and hermetically sealed in glass. Harvey also wanted to place in this large room "numerous small items now used in domestic and industrial life, from the size of a needle and safety pin up to a Victrola". It was estimated that the construction would use 16,000 bags of cement, of sand, of gravel, and tons of corrugated steel reinforcement. The Portland Cement Association donated the service of one of its experts, who pronounced that the Pyramid would not deteriorate or suffer from erosion and would last for over a million years. To prevent water in the valley from interfering with the foundation and to shore up the low knoll to support the heavy Pyramid, Harvey constructed a 165 ft long retaining wall of stone and concrete.</p><br>
<p>He also built a roughly semi-circular, terraced amphitheater at the foundation of the Pyramid which he called the "foyer". The land for the amphitheater was first dug in late 1923, and construction continued off and on for the next five years whenever financing, building materials, and labor were available. Unlike other Monte Ne building projects designed by architect A. O. Clark, the amphitheater apparently had no architectural input and was not built according to blueprints or a single design. Those who worked with Harvey noted that he seemed to just "work it out in his mind from day to day". The result was a unique structure, irregular in formation, with seating capacity for anywhere from 500 to 1,000. In the middle of the amphitheater was a small island with two concrete chairs and a concrete couch, intended for an orchestra to play or a speaker to make a presentation. Harvey dedicated the amphitheater before 500 people in 1928.</p><br>
<p>Following the Egyptian mania that gripped the country after the discovery of King Tuts tomb in 1922, Harveys Pyramid project sparked a lot of interest and was widely reported throughout the USA Tens of thousands of people came to Monte Ne during the 1920s to see its progress, and 20,000 visitors were recorded in a four-month period in 1928 alone.</p><br>
<p>Harvey moved his office to his cottage next to the amphitheater, as work continued on the Pyramid. In January 1929, Harvey incorporated the project creating The Pyramid Association. The association was to fulfill Harvey&#39;s Pyramid plans in the event of his death. The estimated cost of the Pyramid itself was $75,000, but Harvey exhausted his funds on construction of the amphitheater. The stock market crash of 1929 ended all construction. In a last-ditch effort to save the project, Harvey sent letters to wealthy men asking for funds to complete the project. In his letters he explained that civilization was dying and that only rich men, like the intended readers, could save it, if they could send money for his pyramid. Despite the fact that Harvey claimed his correspondence was "the most important letter ever written" he received no replies and the pyramid was never built. All that remains of the project is a retaining wall and the amphitheater that are under the waters of Beaver Lake most of the time.</p><br>
<h2>Presidential nominating convention</h2><br>
<p>As Harveys interests shifted to the Pyramid, Monte Nes resort days effectively ended and the number of visitors slowly dwindled. Harvey sold the Hotel Monte Ne around 1912, and in 1927 both the Missouri and Oklahoma Rows were foreclosed and sold.</p><br>
<p>Harvey returned to politics after the 1929 stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression. He decided to run for the presidency. He formed the Liberty Party and held their national convention at Monte Ne. It was the only presidential convention ever held in Arkansas. Harvey prepared with railroad excursion rates, media facilities, upgraded roads, and food concessions, anticipating 10,000 delegates. He tented the amphitheater, set up seating, and installed an amplifier system to reach the thousands to be seated outside. Delegates were only eligible to attend if they certified they had read and agreed with the principles of Harvey&#39;s newest book The Book, which dealt with the harmful effects of usury by the government. In the end only 786 delegates attended, and Harvey was the only candidate the delegates could agree on. Franklin Delano Roosevelt won the 1932 presidential election, and Harvey only drew 53,000 votes nationwide, and only two votes in his home county.</p><br>
<p>Harvey died on February 11, 1936, at Monte Ne due to peritonitis after an attack of intestinal influenza. The tomb made to house his son in 1903 was blasted open, and Harveys pine casket and that of his son were placed in a glass casket filled with copies of Harveys books and some of his other papers. The tomb was then resealed. A small funeral was held on February 14, and a small plaque bearing the names and dates of the two Harveys was posted.</p><br>
<p>He died with a balance of $138, debt of $3,000 and no will. The courts decided that the property that was still deeded to the Pyramid foundation belonged to his widow, May, who sold it before moving to Springfield, Missouri, never to return. She died in 1948.</p><br>
<h2>After Harvey</h2><br>
<p>The hotels and buildings at Monte Ne had many different fates in the decades after Harvey&#39;s death. The Monte Ne Inn, which Harvey sold in 1912, continued operations under a variety of names including the White Hotel, Randola Inn, Hotel Frances, and the Sleepy Valley Hotel. From 1927 to 1932 the Missouri and Oklahoma Row hotels operated as the Ozark Industrial College and School of Theology. In 1944 they were sold to local businessmen, and the Missouri Row was torn down and sold in lots, with the roof ties being sold to a Little Rock, Arkansas law firm. By 1956 it was reported the Missouri Row had collapsed into rubble.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 Iris Armstrong of Little Rock leased 100 acres near Monte Ne and establish Camp Joyzelle, a summer camp for girls ages 8 to 17 that specialized in drama and the arts. The camp used the abandoned Monte Ne rail depot as the camp&#39;s main office, and also employed the amphitheater for its productions. William Harvey, not known for appreciating children, was often an attendee at these performances. The camp continued operations until forced to quit in the early 1960s, when Beaver Lake flooded the area.</p><br>
<p>The Bank Block, former home of the Monte Ne bank, was used briefly in 1944 by a Rogers poultry equipment manufacturer. It was largely abandoned after that, and ended up as a roofless, windowless, concrete shell.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s and 40s, the Oklahoma Row became known as the Club House Hotel and was operated by various entities. In 1945 it was acquired by Iris Armstrong and used to house parents of girls attending Camp Joyzelle. In 1955 a Springdale, Arkansas antiques dealer named Dallas Barrack converted the Club House Hotel into the "Palace Art Galleries". He was to have carried "some of the finest antiques in the area" and believed that "the splendor of the old hotel only adds to their value".</p><br>
<p>In 1948 W.T. McWhorter purchased the Harvey home and assets, including the amphitheater, and then opened a restaurant he called the Harvey House. His son ran a concession at the amphitheater to cater to the people who still came to see Harvey&#39;s deteriorating dream.</p><br>
<p>In January 1957, the Tulsa Daily World reported that 30,000 tourists visited Monte Ne annually. The Arkansas State Historical Society held its 1960 annual meeting at Monte Ne and gathered at the amphitheater to hear Clara Kennan, a Rogers native and school teacher who had been fascinated by Monte Ne her whole life, give a talk on Harvey and his Pyramid project. Her oral history and interviews provide some of the best information on Harvey and Monte Ne.</p><br>
<h2>Beaver Lake</h2><br>
<p>Discussion of damming the White River for flood control began in the 1930s, and the USA Army Corps of Engineers held hearings on building a dam in January 1946. The new dam would create a lake 50 miles (80 km) long, and one arm would extend to Monte Ne. Work on Beaver Dam began in 1960 as the Corps of Engineers impounded and bought land around the White River.</p><br>
<p>It was required that all cemeteries in the proposed flood zone of the lake be relocated to higher ground. This included the Harvey tomb, which was concrete and weighed 40 tons. The Corps of Engineers contracted with a local house moving company, but their first effort failed. Another contractor from with a stronger truck then had to be called in. The tomb was placed on the crest of a hill donated by friends of Harvey. Today, the tomb sits on private property visible from the Monte Ne boat launch on Beaver Lake.</p><br>
<p>For years, stories have circulated of a treasure buried within the amphitheater. W.T. McWhorter, the last owner of the amphitheater property, was determined to find out if it was true. He made plans to dynamite the amphitheater on the day before he was to transfer the deed to the Corps of Engineers. Spectators gathered to witness the planned explosion, but it was stopped by the Corps of Engineers just prior to the demolition.</p><br>
<p>The dam was completed, and Beaver Lake was at full height by June 1966. For all intents and purposes, Harvey&#39;s Monte Ne was gone. However, in times of drought, some of the structures become visible again. The lake dropped to its lowest level on January 22, 1977, more than 27 feet (8 m) below its average depth, and the amphitheater and bridges were visible for the first time in more than 10 years. In 2006, the waters of Beaver Lake once again receded to their lowest level since 1984, and this generated a new brief interest in Monte Ne and people were once again attracted to the edge of the lake to explore the remains. The upper part of the amphitheater and the retaining wall built for the never constructed pyramid were exposed for a time before being once again swallowed by the lake.</p><br>
<p>Monte Ne was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 because of the historic significance of being so closely associated with Harvey and its unique architecture and engineering. The application focused mostly on the amphitheater, and on the application section regarding present use there is a small x by Other with the notation "under water".</p><br>
<h2>Remains</h2><br>
<p>A portion of the original log section Oklahoma Row was removed prior to the flooding and was situated just north of Monte Ne on the east side of Highway 94. This section finally collapsed in a windstorm in 2023.</p><br>
<p>All that is left of Missouri Row is a four-sided concrete fireplace surrounded by pieces of foundation, and a retaining walls. Other bits of foundation structures can be seen depending on the water level. And, of course, the tomb of William Hope Harvey is visible on the hillside just a short walk from the lake. Two concrete chairs from the amphitheater were removed prior to the flooding and they now reside in the Rogers Historical Museum.</p><br>
<p>Prospect Place, also known as The Trinway Mansion and Prospect Place Estate, is a 29-room mansion built by abolitionist George Willison Adams  in Trinway, Ohio, just north of Dresden in 1856. Today, it is the home of the non-profit G. W. Adams Educational Center, Inc. The mansion is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Ohio Underground Railroad Association&#39;s list of Underground Railroad sites.</p><br>
<p>This home featured many new and, for the time, revolutionary innovations. It had indoor plumbing which included a copper tank cistern on the second floor which pressurized water throughout the house. Two coal stoves had copper tanks (under pressure from the cistern system) which heated water and allowed the home to have both hot and cold running water service.</p><br>
<p>This is the second house to stand on the same foundation. The first house was destroyed by an arson-related fire shortly after its completion. The mansion was rebuilt after the fire, with modern fire stopping added to it. The interior walls of the current house are solid brick, and there is a two-inch layer of mortar between the first and second floors of the house to block fire.</p><br>
<p>Prospect Place also featured a unique refrigeration system to cool milk, cheese, butter, etc. A primitive form of "air conditioning" was created by bringing cool basement air into the living quarters during the summer months via ducts in the outside walls.</p><br>
<h2>George Willison Adams</h2><br>
<p>Born in Fauquier County, Virginia, in 1799 to George Beal Adams and his wife Anna Turner, George Willison Adams (or G.W. as he was called) was one of thirteen children. His father was a plantation owner who gave up his land and home to move away from the slaveholding South. The family migrated to southeastern Ohio in 1808, freed their slaves and settled in Madison Township, Muskingum County, near the town of Dresden, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Like his father, G. W. Adams became a strong abolitionist. He and his brother, Edward, ran an Underground Railroad "station" from their mill at what later became known as Adams Mills, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>G. W. Adams was once a member of the Ohio General Assembly.</p><br>
<p>Together with several other prominent citizens, Adams formed a stock company to build a suspension bridge across the Muskingum River near Dresden. When the other members of the company became fearful that the plan was not feasible and that they would lose their money, Adams built the bridge at his own expense; his nephew, George Copeland, was the engineer. The bridge operated as a toll bridge for several years before Adams eventually sold the bridge to the county commissioners for one-third of the original building cost of the bridge.</p><br>
<p>Later in life, Adams was the President of the Steubenville and Indiana Railroad. He directed construction of the Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley Railroad. His land holdings totaled 14,500 acre with the Prospect Place Mansion in the center of his plantation.</p><br>
<p>G. W. Adams was an important figure in Ohio politics, the Underground Railroad and regional development of the southeastern Ohio area. His importance in these areas was a criterion used to include the Prospect Place Mansion on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>G. W. Adams was married twice. He married Clarissa Hopkins Shaff (1824–1853) in 1845. They had four children together—Edward Adams, Anna T. Adams Cox, Mary Adams and Elizabeth Adams Endicott. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary Jane Robinson (1832–1915) in 1855. They had six children together—Sophia Adams, James R. Adams, John J. Adams, Charles W. Adams, Jessie Adams Huggins and Florence Adams. G. W. Adams died on August 31, 1879, at the age of 79. He is buried in Dresden Cemetery in Dresden, Muskingum County, Ohio.</p><br>
<h3>Underground Railroad operation</h3><br>
<p>The Underground Railroad operation conducted by G. W. Adams and his brother, Edward, was a huge undertaking. The brothers operated a flouring mill on the Ohio and Erie Canal and owned warehouses, a boat yard and cooper shops in Dresden, Ohio. When men from the Adams company would take flour to New Orleans, Louisiana, they would return with refugees (runaway slaves) beneath the decks of their boats.</p><br>
<p>It is also known that in 1856 Adams donated money to the American Colonization Society.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>The mansion passed through the Adams-Cox family to George Cox, a grandson of G. W. Adams, who owned the property until the 1960s. In 1969 the home was sold to a distant relative of George Cox, Eugene Cox. Eugene operated a gravel mining company, the Cox Gravel Company, which proceeded to mine the remaining 275 acres associated with the estate. Coxs wife Peggy convinced him to purchase the Edward Adams home in Adams Mills, Ohio, as well. The Cox family lived at the Adams Mills home until Eugenes death in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>While the Cox Gravel Company owned the Prospect Place mansion, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The deterioration of the mansion increased due to lack of maintenance and vandalism. The interior of the building was all but gutted by thieves and vandals. The estate was scheduled to be demolished in 1988. Local businessman Dave Longaberger purchased the house to prevent its destruction.</p><br>
<p>Longaberger installed a new roof on the structure and increased security with the intention of restoring the home as a future Longaberger Basket Company headquarters building. Upon choosing instead to construct the new headquarters of the company in Newark, Ohio, he placed the mansion restoration project on hold.</p><br>
<p>Dave Longaberger died of cancer in the 1990s. The Longaberger Company continued to maintain security on the property until 2001, when private investors purchased the property with plans to restore and repurpose (adaptively reuse) the mansion into a restaurant and B&B. After the September 11, 2001, attacks, financing fell through and a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, G. W. Adams Education Center, Inc., was established.</p><br>
<p>The building is allegedly haunted and was featured in an episode of Ghost Hunters on the SyFy Channel in April 2008. It was also featured on Ghost Adventures on the Travel Channel on January 1, 2010, and Ghost Brothers on the Travel Channel on April 26, 2016.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, George Jeffrey Adams retired as chairman of the Board of the G. W. Adams Educational Center, citing failing health. A new board of trustees was immediately installed and repairs and restoration work were resumed.</p><br>
<h3>G. W. Adams Educational Center</h3><br>
<p>Headquartered at Prospect Place Mansion (also known as the Trinway Mansion), the G. W. Adams Educational Center, Inc., was founded in 2003. The center operates as a historical and educational resource for the region. The primary focus of the center is the history and restoration of the mansion, George W. Adams, and his impact on local/regional communities, and Underground Railroad activities that took place at the mansion.</p><br>
<p>Mount Washington is an area of northwest Baltimore, Maryland. It is a designated city historic district and divided into two sections: South Road/Sulgrave to the southeast and Dixon&#39;s Hill  to the north. The Mount Washington Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 with a boundary increase in 2001, with five contributing buildings and four contributing structures.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Historically, Mount Washington was a small area. However, residents and businesses of many other nearby neighborhoods in the 21209 ZIP code and a small portion of the 21215 ZIP code (west of Pimlico Road) around the neighborhood refer to their location as Mount Washington. Though mostly within the Baltimore city limits, but mixed with some of these areas within Baltimore County as Pikesville.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Washington neighborhood is served by the Mount Washington Improvement Association, which, though not speaking on behalf of all the neighborhood&#39;s residents, wields significant political clout in Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>Mount Washington is mostly residential, though it has two small commercial areas:</p><br>
<p>Mount Washington Village, off the west side of the Jones Falls Expressway near the Kelly Avenue bridge, containing several restaurants and stores, as well as the Baltimore Light Rail&#39;s Mount Washington Station.</p><br>
<p>Mount Washington Mill, a refurbished textile mill now housing stores, shops and offices, off the east side of the Jones Falls Expressway near the Kelly Avenue bridge, commonly referred to as Historic Mount Washington.</p><br>
<p>These two areas were at one time viewed as a single area, but since the construction of Interstate 83 these areas have been separated, and travel over a longer distance is required between them.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1854, George Gelbach and Elias Heiner purchased 314 acres near Washingtonville, a mill village. Though the original homes were designed as summer houses, Gelbach envisioned that Mount Washington would eventually become a suburb of Baltimore. Building picked up after the Civil War, with developers, such as John Graham (a resident of Mount Washington) developing small groups of houses around the South Road section. The northern section of the area, what became Dixons Hill, was the result of Thomas Dixon purchasing 20 acres from Gelbach in 1855 and developed in the 1860s. Mount Washington is considered by some to be Baltimores first suburb. It was part of Baltimore County until it was annexed in 1914.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, racially restrictive covenants were used in Baltimore to exclude African-Americans and other minorities. A 1921 advertisement in the Baltimore Sun described Mount Washington as a racially "restricted community".</p><br>
<h2>Major roads in Mount Washington</h2><br>
<p>Some of the main roads that run through the Mount Washington area are:</p><br>
<p>Immediate:</p><br>
<p>Interstate 83, also known as the Jones Falls Expressway (JFX)</p><br>
<p>Falls Road</p><br>
<p>Kelly Avenue</p><br>
<p>Greely Road</p><br>
<p>Smith Avenue</p><br>
<p>Extended:</p><br>
<p>Greenspring Avenue</p><br>
<p>Cross Country Boulevard</p><br>
<p>Pimlico Road</p><br>
<p>Northern Parkway</p><br>
<p>Lake Avenue</p><br>
<p>Other communities near Mount Washington include:</p><br>
<p>Village of Cross Keys (south)</p><br>
<p>Cheswolde (west)</p><br>
<p>Pimlico (west)</p><br>
<p>Rodgers Forge (east)</p><br>
<p>Ruxton (north)</p><br>
<h2>Public transportation</h2><br>
<p>Mount Washington is well known for its public transportation operated by the Maryland Transit Administration. This, most notably, includes the Central Light Rail line. It has a stop in historic Mount Washington Village. Light Rail service operates to downtown Baltimore, Hunt Valley, and BWI Airport every 10–15 minutes at most times.</p><br>
<p>MTA also operates three public bus lines in Mount Washington Village, all of which originate at the Reisterstown Plaza Metro Subway Station. These are: Route 27, which operates to areas including Hampden, Downtown Baltimore, and the Cherry Hill area, Route 58, which terminates at a loop in Mt. Washington after serving the Fallstaff area, and Route 60, which also serves Fallstaff and continues north to Greenspring Station and Stevenson University.</p><br>
<h2>Schools</h2><br>
<p>The zoned local public schools are The Mount Washington School and Northwestern High School, although most of the children in the community who pursue their education in the Baltimore City public school system do so at either of the magnet schools, City or Poly. Most of the upper-middle-class families send their children to some of the many private schools in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Athletics</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood has been the home of the Mount Washington Lacrosse Club since its establishment in 1904. Mount Washington dominated the sport at the club and collegiate level for much of the 20th century. Since 1999, Mount Washington has shared its home field, Norris Field on Kelly Avenue, with the all-girls Bryn Mawr School. Mount Washington is also home of Meadowbrook Swim Club, established in 1930, which has hosted many famous swimmers in the 1930s and 1940s and is now a venue rented by of the most prestigious swimming clubs in the world, the North Baltimore Aquatic Club or NBAC for short. The NBAC is a team of many Olympic swimmers including Michael Phelps, Chase Kalisz, Katie Hoff, Patrick Kennedy, Theresa Andrews, Anita Nall, Beth Botsford, Whitney Metzler, and Allison Schmitt. NBAC is also home to Paralympians Ian Silverman, Jessica Long and Becca Meyers.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents and natives</h2><br>
<p>Elizabeth Turner Graham (1837-1920), Civil War relief activist, women&#39;s movement organizer, philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Charles L. Bennett, astrophysicist</p><br>
<p>Duke Cameron, heart surgeon</p><br>
<p>Katie Hoff, Olympic swimmer</p><br>
<p>Doug Turnbull (1903–1906), National Lacrosse Hall of Fame inductee</p><br>
<p>The State Bank Building, Decatur Branch, commonly known as the Old State Bank, is a historic Jeffersonian-style bank building in Decatur, Alabama, United States. It was recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1934 and 1935. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 1972, due to its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Decatur branch of the Alabama State Bank opened its doors on July 29, 1833. It was authorized by the Alabama General Assembly in 1830 to be one of three branches of the Alabama State Bank. After outstanding debts of over $1 million were unable to be reformed the Decatur branch franchise was revoked. The building remained vacant until the 1860s when it was one of four buildings that survived the Civil War in Decatur, Alabama. During the Battle of Decatur, the bank was used as headquarters for the Union forces in the area and was also used as a hospital while battles raged outside.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, the First National Bank opened its doors in the Old State Bank building. But, when First National Bank completed its new office in 1902, the bank building was used as a residence and office by J. Y. Cantwell. After signs of deterioration began to show themselves, Cantwell&#39;s grand niece, W. B. Edmundson, deeded the building over to the City of Decatur in 1933. Management of the structure was vested in an eight-member Board of Governors. The petition for restoration was presented to the Civil Works Administration and restoration commenced. Being one of only a handful of local buildings to survive the destruction of the American Civil War, and after going through the many changes over the years, the Old State Bank has become a symbol of historical significance.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the Old State Bank was named to the National Register of Historical Places at the age of 139 years. Three years later, in 1975, the American Legion, Post No. 15, donated the Old State Bank building to the City of Decatur. Plans for restoration were put together in the year 1976, as the bank turned 143 years old, and was put under the control of the Old Bank Board members. Restoration of the bank was finished in the year 1983, at the age of 150. In 1984, a curator was appointed, and daily tours were implemented. The second wave of detailed restoration was undertaken in the years of 1995-1996 and was led by noted preservation architect, Harvie Jones. Funding was provided by the Alabama Historical Commission, the City of Decatur, and the Old Bank Board of Directors. The City of Decatur commemorated the bank&#39;s 175th anniversary in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of the bank shows the influence of Thomas Jefferson&#39;s fusion of Palladianism with Roman temple forms. The five limestone columns across the front weigh 100-150 tons each and were mined in nearby Trinity. The pentastyle portico is highly unusual.</p><br>
<p>Garden Hills Elementary School is an elementary school in Garden Hills, Atlanta, Georgia and a part of Atlanta Public Schools .</p><br>
<p>Built in 1938, the brick school building is a work of Atlanta architect Philip Shutze. It was built by as a part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and was made to blend in with surrounding architectural styles. Robert M. Craig, author of Atlanta Architecture: Art Deco to Modern Classic, 1929-1959, described the school as " a traditional work by" designer Tucker and Howell. The building most recently underwent a renovation/addition in 2001, when a cafeteria and a section of classrooms were added.</p><br>
<p>It enrolls children in kindergarten through fifth grade. The principal is Tommy Usher.</p><br>
<p>It is a contributing property in the Garden Hills Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Garden Hills was the first elementary school in Georgia to become an International Baccalaureate World School.</p><br>
<h2>Extracurricular programs</h2><br>
<p>In 1997 the Atlanta Journal-Constitution wrote that the schools orchestra, which had 75 students, some of whom did not natively speak English, "won acclaim", and Anne Sheldon, the teacher overseeing the program, stated that the schools faculty has "absolute commitment to the program" and that the students were "very, very dedicated."</p><br>
<h2>Student body and attendance zone</h2><br>
<p>In 1987 the school had about 400 students, with about 73 coming from the 287-unit Piedmont Court and East Wesley Apartments, known for hosting various waves of refugees, including from the Cuban Revolution, the Vietnam War, and the Soviet–Afghan War. Nehl Horton of the Atlanta Journal-Constitution wrote that Garden Hills accordingly "has a well-developed and successful program for international students." A spokesperson for the apartment residents stated that "The international componenthas brought Atlanta recognition around the country from teachers of English as a second language." In 1987 the Atlanta Zoning Board decided to approve an application to have the property rezoned for higher density use, which would mean demolition.</p><br>
<p>In 2003 about 50% of the students were Hispanic or Latino. At that time it had a number of students who were born outside of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Feeder patterns</h2><br>
<p>Residents zoned to Garden Hills are also zoned to: Sutton Middle School and North Atlanta High School.</p><br>
<p>The Hampshire Colony Congregational Church of Princeton, Illinois was founded in 1831 and was the first Congregational church in Illinois. Its Richardsonian Romanesque church building, which was built in 1905-06, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1831 young people in the New England area were encouraged to take advantage of the fertile land in Illinois, being sold cheaply. On February 9, 1831, The New Hampshire Gazette printed a notice from the Illinois Colonial Association that a meeting would be held in a local coffee house in Northampton, Massachusetts on Wednesday, the 16 February 1831 at 10:00 A. M.</p><br>
<p>The purpose of this meeting was to organize a Church fellowship before going out west. This idea was growing in the area and flyers were sent out stating:</p><br>
<p>When more than a few people offered themselves to this effort, a council was convened. This is how Hampshire Colony Congregational Church was founded on March 23, 1831. Ebeneezer Strong Phelps, a deacon at Northampton Church, was one of the charter members and the council meeting was held in his home.</p><br>
<p>The 18 charter members of the church came not only from the Northampton church but from surrounding churches as well. They came from Elizabethtown, Conway, Amherst, Warwick, Springfield, South Haley, and even Chutney, Vermont. The purpose of this church start was clear. In fact, at the service held to organize the church, even the council was made up of pastors and laymen from three of the churches. It is fitting then, to name the church Hampshire Colony, after the county where it was founded.</p><br>
<p>The council was held. After they went to the church to worship. Rev. Diabolic Spencer preached a sermon and quoted Luke 12:32, “Fear not little flock, it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you the Kingdom.” After the sermon they took communion with the large congregation that had gathered to see them off, and a collection of $54.00 was given to supply the infant church with new vessels for the communion table.</p><br>
<p>The church is now a member of the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.</p><br>
<p>The Reitz Home Museum is a Victorian house museum located in the Riverside Historic District in downtown Evansville, Indiana. The museum offers year-round guided tours.</p><br>
<p>An authentic restoration offers visitors a step back in time with silk damask-covered walls, hand painted ceilings, delicately molded plaster friezes, and intricately patterned hand-laid wood parquet floors. Other features of the home include tiled and marbled fireplaces, stained glass windows, and French gilt chandeliers. Much of the home is decorated with original period furniture.</p><br>
<p>Considered by many to be one of the finest examples of the French Second Empire style architecture, the home has been featured in several issues of Victorian Homes magazine as well as Victorian Decorating and Lifestyle magazine.</p><br>
<p>In 2003 the home received a commendation from the Victorian Society in America for the preservation and restoration of the Victorian mansion.</p><br>
<p>The museum is open everyday from 11:00 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. except Sunday and Monday.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Augustus Reitz, who amassed a fortune in the lumber business, built the house in 1871 in the French Second Empire style. Built to express his success, the mansion was decorated with elegant furnishings and detailed architectural features. Upon Reitz&#39;s death in the 1890s, his eldest son Francis Joseph Reitz took over the house and completely redecorated the interior in a variety of Victorian styles.</p><br>
<p>The last of Reitz children died in 1931, and the home was left to the Daughters of Isabella, a non-profit Roman Catholic womens organization. In 1944 the home was purchased by the Diocese of Evansville to become the home of its bishop. It was occupied by the first incumbent, Henry J. Grimmelsman.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 the Diocese of Evansville donated the mansion to the Reitz Home Preservation Society, a non-profit organization formed to restore and preserve the home. It was officially placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and was opened for public tours a year later. Natalie Singer is currently the museum director.</p><br>
<p>Fairlington is an unincorporated neighborhood in Arlington County, Virginia, located adjacent to Shirlington in the southernmost part of the county on the boundary with the City of Alexandria. The main thoroughfares are Interstate 395 , which divides the neighborhood into North and South Fairlington, State Route 7  and State Route 402 .</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood consists of primarily of a mix of townhouse and condominium apartments built in the 1940s as the largest housing project financed by the Defense Homes Corporation during World War II. Fairlington is listed on both the National Register of Historic Places and on the Virginia Landmarks Register.</p><br>
<h2>Name, boundaries, and geography</h2><br>
<p>Fairlington was originally called Seminary Heights but it was changed due to confusion with other nearby geographical features named for Alexandria&#39;s Virginia Theological Seminary including Seminary Drive, Seminary Road, and Seminary View, among others. A new name, Fairlington, was chosen combining the two counties in which the neighborhood was then located: Fairfax and Arlington. The former Fairfax County section is now part of the City of Alexandria.)</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is wooded and sits on heights overlooking the Four Mile Run valley. It is bisected by I-395 into North and South Fairlington connected by the Fairlington Bridge (South Abingdon Street).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Upon the arrival of Europeans in the New World, the area that is now Fairlington was near a Necostin Indian village in the 17th century. In the early 18th century, a 534 acre tract including Fairlington and extending to nearby Four Mile Run was granted under the headright system to William Struttfield, one of 48 original landowners in what is now Arlington County. By 1756, the land was owned by John Carlyle, a friend of future USA President George Washington, who was also the builder of Carlyle House in Alexandria. Carlyle and his heirs would possess the area of Fairlington for 150 years. Around 1770, Caryle began construction of a plantation and summer house near the current intersection of 30th Street South and South Columbus Street. The house was first called Torthorwald and later changed to Morven and stood until 1942. Carlyle used his plantation as a stud farm and operated a grist mill downstream from Fairlington above what is now Arlandria. Following John Carlyle&#39;s death in 1780, the house passed to his grandson, Carlyle Fairfax Whiting. George Washington himself owned a portion of the land in what would become Fairlington, near the Abingdon Elementary School and South 28th Street after he bought two of the 48 Arlington land grants.</p><br>
<p>Following the American Revolution, new federal district governed by Congress was created in 1790 and the area that is now Fairlington (except for part of the section now within Alexandria) was included within the original boundaries of the new District of Columbia, forming part of Alexandria County, D.C. Congressional control began in 1801 and the area was no longer under Virginian jurisdiction. However, in 1846, the entire county was retroceded to Virginia and became Alexandria County, VA.</p><br>
<h3>From Union occupation to World War II</h3><br>
<p>With the secession of Virginia from the United States on 17 April 1861, Northern Virginia was quickly occupied by the United States military. A line of redoubts and breastworks above Four Mile Run was constructed to defend the main base of the occupying Army of the Potomac in Alexandria and the Fairlington area was the site of two of these. Fort Reynolds, a redoubt, was constructed in September 1861 to command the approach to Alexandria by way of the Four Mile Run valley. It had a perimeter of 360 yd and emplacements for 12 guns and was located just northeast of what is now 31st Street South at South Woodrow Street. Battery Garesche at what is now South Abingdon Street at South 30th Road and was constructed late in 1861 to control the higher ground dominating Fort Reynolds, 200 yd to the southeast. It had a perimeter of 166 yd and emplacements for 8 guns. The area was never taken by Confederate forces and remained under USA military control until 1870.</p><br>
<p>Despite the military use of what is now Fairlington, the area retained a rural character; mostly wooded, with some small farms, into the 20th century. In 1879, the area of Fairlington was consolidated under Hawkins Smith who remodeled Morven and renamed it Hampton. His son, Hawkins Smith II, made Hampton a leading horse farm but sold it in 1926. It was subdivided with some of the land rented by sharecroppers. One cleared area in South Fairlington served as an airfield until the mid-1930s.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, Alexandria County was renamed Arlington County to distinguish it from the neighboring independent City of Alexandria and in 1929, Alexandria annexed all of Arlington County south of Four Mile Run to the current boundary along Quaker Lane.</p><br>
<h3>The creation of Fairlington</h3><br>
<p>At the time of the United States entry into World War II in December 1941, the Defense Homes Corporation (a component of the Federal Housing Administration) had purchased most of the area. The corporation was created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 through the allocation of emergency funding and, by February 1942, it had assembled 322 acre for construction of housing for civilian and military defense personnel to be called Seminary Heights. The site was only 2+1/2 mi from the Pentagon which had begun construction in August 1941. As with nearby Parkfairfax, Alexandria, and several other sites throughout metropolitan Washington, the Corporation endeavored to quickly satisfy increased wartime demand for housing and, by the end of 1943, by which time the project was renamed Fairlington, there were almost 2,415 housing units completed. By 1945, there were 3,439 units when the project was completed at a cost of $35 million ($ million in dollars).</p><br>
<p>In 1947, the Defense Homes Corporation sold the property to Fairmac Realty Corporation, which operated Fairlington as rental apartments. The area surrounding Fairlington also began to urbanize with nearby Shirlington Shopping Center opening in 1945 and Bradlee Shopping Center in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>In 1952, the independent City of Alexandria annexed the small Fairfax County portion of Fairlington, rendering the name an anachronism. In 1966, a mutual agreement between Arlington and Alexandria adjusted the city-county boundary through North Fairlington that had followed the original District of Columbia-Virginia line. The new boundary followed the north and east sides of State Route 7 (King Street), 30th Street South, South Columbus Street, and 28th Street South. In 1954, the well-preserved Fort Reynolds was leveled to construct the Park Shirlington apartments.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, as part of the conversion of Shirley Highway to interstate standards, a bridge connecting South Abingdon Street in North Fairlington and 34th Street South in South Fairlington was opened, directly connecting the two sections for the first time.</p><br>
<h3>Fairlington as condominiums</h3><br>
<p>By the late 1960s, Fairlington&#39;s owners, now Hartford Insurance, considered razing the apartments and constructing high-rise apartment buildings. Instead, it decided to convert the existing structures to condominium apartments in 1972. Virginia had only permitted condominium development since 1962 and Fairlington was the largest scale project ever undertaken to that date. Fairlington was sold to Chicago Bridge and Iron and operated by CBI-Fairmac and a five-year project to physically modify the apartments for their new use commenced. Common basement areas were divided between apartments and boiler houses were removed and replaced with recreation facilities. Beginning in South Fairlington, CBI-Fairmac converted the area into seven legal entities under the Virginia Horizontal Property Act. Six of the condominiums were in South Fairlington and the entirety of North Fairlington formed one condominium. The initial offerings sold for $19,000–$45,500 ($–$ in dollars) in 1972 and prices were increased for later sales with the final units sold in 1978.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, Fairlington Elementary School was closed and the building became the Fairlington Community Center.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the value of Fairlington was assessed at $423,701,600 ($ in dollars). Fairlington as a whole was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register in December 1998 and the National Register of Historic Places in March 1999.</p><br>
<h3>Historical marker</h3><br>
<p>An Arlington County Office of Historic Preservation historical marker installed at the corner of Quaker Lane and South 32nd Street reads:</p><br>
<h2>Civic organization</h2><br>
<p>Fairlington is organized into seven, independent condominium associations sometimes called villages including Fairlington Arbor, Fairlington Commons, Fairlington Glen, Fairlington Green, Fairlington Meadows, and Fairlington Mews, all in South Fairlington, and Fairlington Villages in North Fairlington. There is a single civic association, the Fairlington Citizens Association, representing the community in local affairs and the Fairlington Historical Society promotes historical preservation.</p><br>
<h2>Physical environment</h2><br>
<h3>Layout</h3><br>
<p>Fairlingtons streets are all two lanes and they are neither on a grid with uniform city blocks nor in the suburban cul-de-sac style found in most American suburbs but are slightly winding and usually separated by the equivalent of two or more city blocks. Fairlingtons apartment units are grouped in "courts," usually three or four separate buildings of around 40-50 total units facing a parking lot (carpark). Most units are three levels (upstairs, ground level and basement) with front and back doors. Some units are two or three story walk-ups with units on a single floor. Prior to the condominium conversions, back doors opened to common areas with connecting sidewalks leading to back porches. Post-conversions, most units have a small courtyard off the back door, surrounded by a wooden fence. The common areas between the courts contain open areas for recreation. Originally the common areas included playgrounds and wading pools. The latter consisted of flat concrete squares with short concrete sides and a sprinkler in the center. These provided cooling and recreation in the summer when air conditioning was not widely available. With the conversion to condominiums, tennis, basketball courts, playgrounds, and swimming facilities replaced the original playgrounds and wading pools. Prior to the condominium conversions, each building had a common basement area, which could be reached from the basement of apartments which had basements, or from a stairway in buildings containing single-floor apartments. Common basements could also be accessed from outside the apartments via an exterior stairway. The common basement contained trashrooms and laundry facilities. Buildings with single-floor apartments also had storage units in the common basements. With the condominium conversions, the common areas were divided to become part of the basement areas of individual condominiums. Exterior access to what had been common areas was removed. Sidewalks (pavements) along the streets and in the common areas connect the neighborhood. Each condominium association in South Fairlington consists of around 15 courts.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>Fairlington&#39;s nomination to the National Register of Historic Places identifies 1024 historical buildings in Fairlington and 30 residential unit types and describes North and South Fairlington as follows:</p><br>
<p>In journalist David Brinkley&#39;s 1988 Washington Goes to War, he mentions the area, describing life there in the summer of 1943 noting its lack of shopping and transportation options. However, "Fairlington at least had sturdy, well-designed housing (most of it still standing today and now expensive townhouses and condominiums)." Fairlington is listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places and, in 2002, the neighborhood was presented the "Test of Time" award by the Virginia Society of the American Institute of Architects, for the lasting value of its architectural design. Such listings and awards do not impose restrictions on property use which is the under the purview of the condominiums. Fairlington was the first large-scale apartment community to be considered for such designation and the campaign for listing was largely a volunteer effort.</p><br>
<h3>Arboriculture</h3><br>
<p>Fairlington&#39;s streets and common areas are heavily treed with oaks, maples, elms, and sycamores (planes). A Fairlington Notable Tree Walk showcases some of the more unusual trees in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<h3>Roads</h3><br>
<p>The controlled access Interstate 395 (Shirley Highway) divides Fairlington and is bridged by South Abingdon Street within the neighborhood but provides no direct access. State Route 7 (King Street) and State Route 402 (Quaker Lane) bound the neighborhood on the southwest and east respectively but are largely separated from it by chain link fencing with access only at street entrances.</p><br>
<p>Although Fairlingtons street names and addresses follow the rules of the grid-style Arlington Countys street-naming system, the streets do not follow a grid but are also not the suburban cul-de-sac style found in most American suburbs. Intersections consist of both four-way stops and modern roundabouts (traffic circles).</p><br>
<p>Within Fairlington there are both bicycle lanes and an on-street bicycle route.</p><br>
<h3>Buses</h3><br>
<p>Several Metrobus routes traverse the neighborhood and adjacent roads provide additional Metrobus and Alexandria&#39;s DASH bus service.</p><br>
<h3>Rail</h3><br>
<p>Several Washington Metro stations are within 3 – of Fairlington and Metrobus and DASH directly connect the neighborhood with the King Street – Old Town Metro station in Alexandria and the Pentagon Metro station in Arlington.</p><br>
<p>Alexandria Union Station provides Amtrak and Virginia Railway Express service to the area and is accessible by DASH from Fairlington.</p><br>
<h3>Airports</h3><br>
<p>Fairlington is located 5 mi from Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in Arlington County and 25 mi from Washington Dulles International Airport in Sterling, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation and commerce</h2><br>
<p>The Fairlington Community Center, which was once an elementary school, is located at the northeast corner of 34th Street South and South Stafford Streets in South Fairlington. It provides space for a number of community and recreational activities. Utah Field Park and Abingdon Elementary School also have space for public recreation. Each condominium association within Fairlington also maintains its own system of swimming pools and tennis and basketball courts for its own residents.</p><br>
<p>Within the confines of Fairlington, there are several commercial buildings that house local businesses such as health care service providers (dentist, physical therapy, chiropractic, etc.) and business offices (real estate, law, patent services, etc.) that cater to local residents and the broader community. Adjacent to Fairlington, The Village at Shirlington, provides restaurants, stores (shops), bars (pubs), a theater (theatre), a cinema, and the Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Trail trailhead within walking distance for North Fairlington residents. South Fairlington residents are connected to Shirlington by a pedestrian walkway that crosses the Shirlington Circle interchange with I-395.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Ward Museum and Historic Site, the Virginia Theological Seminary, both in Alexandria, are a short distance from South Fairlington. Alexandria&#39;s Bradlee and Fairlington shopping centers are adjacent to South Fairlington.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>The public Abingdon Elementary School is on 30th Road South in North Fairlington and serves all of Fairlington as do Gunston Middle School and Wakefield High School.</p><br>
<p>The Arlington County Department of Parks, Recreation & Cultural Resources provides continuing education at the Fairlington Community Center. The Community Center began as the Fairlington Elementary School in 1940 and was converted into a community center in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>County and state services</h2><br>
<p>Fairlington is in the 3rd District of the Arlington County Police Department which cooperates with the Fairlington Citizens Association. Arlington Fire Station No. 7 of the Arlington County Fire Department housing Engine 107, is located on South Abingdon Street in North Fairlington (temporarily closed due to structural/foundation issues). The Arlington County office of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service is located in the Fairlington Community Center.</p><br>
<p>All of Fairlington, including the Alexandria portion, is in the 22206 ZIP code area and is served by the United States Postal Service&#39;s Shirlington Annex Post Office although the Parkfairfax Post Office in Alexandria is closer to most of Fairlington.</p><br>
<p>The Orange Show is a work of outsider art in Houston, Texas. Jeff McKissack, a mail carrier, transformed a small suburban lot near his house into a folk art installation, which he named "The Orange Show" in honor of his favorite fruit. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Orange Show has evolved into the Orange Show Center for Visionary Art and since 1980 is a non-profit organization. As a form of folk art, The Orange Show captures a segment of late 20th Century American culture. Programming at the Orange Show includes hands-on workshops, music, storytelling and performance, the Eyeopener Tour program and the Houston Art Car Parade. The foundation has grown to take in other folk art icons including the Beer Can House. In addition, it constructed a Smither Park with mosaic installations adjacent to The Orange Show.</p><br>
<p>The ArtCar Museum is scheduled to re-open in the Orange Show.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Hotel is an historic hotel and coastal resort on Mackinac Island, Michigan, a small island located at the eastern end of the Straits of Mackinac within Lake Huron between the states Upper and Lower peninsulas. Constructed in the late 19th century, the facility advertises itself as having the worlds largest porch. The Grand Hotel is known for a number of notable visitors, including five USA presidents, inventor Thomas Edison, and author Mark Twain.</p><br>
<p>Grand Hotel is a member of Historic Hotels of America, a program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mackinac Island National Park became the second National Park in the United States in 1875 (before becoming a Michigan State park in 1895). This led to a large increase in visitors to the island. In 1886, the Michigan Central Railroad, Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, and Detroit and Cleveland Steamship Navigation Company formed the Mackinac Island Hotel Company. The group purchased the land on which the hotel was built and construction began, based upon the design by Detroit architects Mason and Rice. When it opened the following year, the hotel was advertised to Chicago, Erie, Montreal and Detroit residents as a summer retreat for vacationers who arrived by lake steamer and by rail from across the continent. The hotel opened on July 10, 1887, after taking a mere 93 days to complete. At its opening, nightly rates at the hotel ranged from $3 to $5 a night (equivalent to $– in ).</p><br>
<p>In 1957, the Grand Hotel was designated a State Historic Building. In 1972, the hotel was named to the National Register of Historic Places, and on June 29, 1989, the hotel was made a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>In September 2019, Dan Musser III announced that his family, which owned the hotel "for nearly nine decades", was selling it to KSL Capital Partners.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Carleton Varney, a protégé of Dorothy Draper, decorated the Grand Hotel in late 19th-century decor, including Pelargonium geraniums. Varney purposely designed the hotel so that all the rooms are different from each other in at least one aspect. There are four types of rooms: Category I, Category II, Category III, and Named Rooms. There are six two-bedroom suites consisting of two bedrooms connected by a parlor, of which two, the Grand Suite and the Carleton Varney Suite, overlook the Mackinac Bridge and the Straits of Mackinac. The presidential suite is located in the center of the hotel with a balcony over the porch. A detached structure added in early 2000 was named the Masco Cottage.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, seven suites are named for and designed by seven former First Ladies of the United States. These are the Jacqueline Kennedy Suite (with carpet that includes the gold presidential eagle on a navy blue background and walls painted gold), Lady Bird Johnson Suite (yellow damask-covered walls with blue and gold wildflowers), Betty Ford Suite (green with cream and a dash of red), Rosalynn Carter Suite (with a sample of china designed for the Carter White House and wall coverings in Georgia peach), Nancy Reagan Suite (with signature red walls and Mrs. Reagan&#39;s personal touches), Barbara Bush Suite (designed with pale blue and pearl and with both Maine and Texas influences), and the Laura Bush Suite (decorated with bright cream and floral patterns inspired by the Texas prairie).</p><br>
<p>Grand Hotels front porch is the longest in the world at some 660 ft in length, overlooking a vast Tea Garden and the resort-scale Esther Williams swimming pool. These areas are often used by guests on a casual family vacation, for larger conventions, or concerts during the hotels annual Labor Day Jazz Festival. The hotel has drawn some criticism for its policy of charging a $12 fee for non-guests to enter the building and enjoy the view from the famous porch.</p><br>
<p>Before 2007, air conditioning was only available in public rooms, such as the lobby, parlor and Salle a Manger (main dining room). Due to the building&#39;s design it was difficult to add air conditioning to the guest rooms. That year, the entire hotel became air conditioned after 170 guest rooms were installed with heat exchangers which cool the air through contact with the bathroom cold water system.</p><br>
<p>Mackinac Island does not permit motor vehicles (except for emergency vehicles and, in winter, snowmobiles), and transport to and from the dock to the hotel is via horse-drawn carriage. The only other motor vehicles allowed in recent history were cars brought over for the filming of Somewhere in Time. During the winter months, when ice prevents ferry transport from the mainland, the hotel is closed. The island also has a small airport (no fuel or services) for private aircraft. Horse-drawn taxis take guests from the airport to the hotel or any other island destination.</p><br>
<h2>Notable events</h2><br>
<p>USA Presidents Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton have visited the hotel. The hotel also hosted the first public demonstration of Thomas Edisons phonograph on the porch, as well as regular demonstrations of Edisons other new inventions. Mark Twain also made this a regular location on his speaking tours in the Midwest.</p><br>
<h2>Acclaim</h2><br>
<p>Conde Nast Traveler "Gold Lists" the hotel as one of the "Best Places to Stay in the Whole World" and Travel + Leisure magazine lists it as among the "Top 100 Hotels in the World." The Wine Spectator noted the Grand Hotel with an "Award of Excellence" and it was included in Gourmet magazine&#39;s "Top 25 Hotels in the World" list. The American Automobile Association (AAA) rates the facilities as a four-diamond resort and in 2009 named the Grand Hotel one of the top 10 USA historic hotels.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Hotel served as a backdrop and one of the settings for the 1980 film Somewhere in Time starring Christopher Reeve and Jane Seymour. Every October the hotel hosts an annual convention for fans of the classic.</p><br>
<p>The hotel also served as the setting for the 1947 musical comedy This Time for Keeps starring entertainer Jimmy Durante and swimmer Esther Williams (after whom the hotel&#39;s swimming pool is named).</p><br>
<p>The hotel was the origin of the first World Sauntering Day in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Pictograph Cave is an area of three caves  located 5 mi south of Billings, Montana, United States, preserved and protected in the 23 acre Pictograph Cave State Park.</p><br>
<p>Excavation of the three caves began in 1937, and they were the site of some of Montana&#39;s first professional archeological studies. Over 30,000 artifacts have been identified, with at least 20,000 animal remains recovered from the site. Species range from large mammalian species, including bison (Bos bison) and elk (Cervus elaphus), to various species of herpetiles (reptiles and amphibians) and avies (birds). The presence of these remains result from human predation, processing and consumption as well as non-human (carnivores and raptors) predation and individual species who lived and died in and around the site.</p><br>
<p>Paintings known as pictographs are still visible in Pictograph Cave, which is the largest of the three caves. The pictographs are thought to be between 200 and 2,100 years old. However their interpretations are still debated over. The oldest pictograph is that of a turtle, radio-carbon dated to be approximately 2,100 years old. These pictographs are paintings of animals, warriors, and even rifles that document the story of the Native Americans of the area for thousands of years.</p><br>
<p>The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<h2>State park</h2><br>
<p>The caves are part of Pictograph Cave State Park, which features paved trails to the caves with interpretive signs about the paintings, the area&#39;s geology and vegetation. The park encompasses 23 acre and includes a visitor center and picnic facilities.</p><br>
<p>The natural shelters are nestled in a sandstone bluff on a well-traversed path extending south from the confluence of Bitter Creek and the Yellowstone River, 6 mi south of Billings. The cave complex has long been a site of mystical power, a culturally significant gathering place for American Indians. On the interior wall of Pictograph Cave (the only one containing rock art), archaeologists discovered 106 pictographs, painted between 2,145 and 200 years ago. The walls were covered with red, white, and occasionally yellow figurines over drawings originally painted with black. They also found stone and bone tools, moccasins, arrow shafts, basketry, grinding stones, and fire-starting tools. Excavations turned up jewelry too, such as pendants, bracelets, and beads crafted of seashells acquired from Pacific Coast Indians. The excavation was led by H. Melville Sayre of the Montana School of Mines. He later hired Oscar Lewis, an archeologist from the Glendive WPA crew, to help supervise the dig. William Mulloy replaced Sayre as the Project director from Oct. 1940 to Feb. 1942.</p><br>
<h2>Development and perception of the site</h2><br>
<p>Conversion of the site into a State Park was not accomplished easily. The 22-acre property was originally purchased by the State of Montana in 1937 and placed under the jurisdiction of the Montana Highway Commission.</p><br>
<p>During the excavation period covering 1938 to 1941 (which included notable discoveries such as the "barbed harpoon points of the Eskimo culture, made of caribou horn," the graves of nine plus individuals, and over 30,000 artifacts), over 10,000 visitors were recorded at the site. During that time, public interest was so intense that a small museum and visitor center was constructed. The building was also used to process artifacts that were continually flowing from the caves. L. B. McMullen, then President of Eastern Montana Normal School, was instrumental in developing the original museum located at the site.</p><br>
<p>When the excavation was halted due to the onset of World War II, interest in the site waned. Visitation at the site was not controlled, the artifacts were not tracked well (most still cannot be accounted for today), and the museum at the site was broken into numerous times and eventually burned by vandals.</p><br>
<p>In 1963 Mayor Willard Fraser signed an agreement stating that the City of Billings would take over administration of the park from the Montana State Department of Highways. This move was met with criticism from aldermen who expressed concerns over the citys ability to monitor the park, assume liabilities, and provide services. The distance of the park from the city was also of major concern. "Wed just be inviting kids to raise all kinds of hell" was the position of Alderman Joe Leone. Regardless of their opposition, Mayor Fraser saw the potential to attract tourists to the site (Billings Gazette 1963). The site was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 19, 1964.</p><br>
<p>The city turned over the caves&#39; management to the Parks Division of the Montana Department of Fish and Game in 1969; the site became a state park in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Swan Lake is a historic district in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Its borders consist of 15th Street to the North, Utica Street to the East, 21st Street to the South, and Peoria Avenue to the west. The District was developed in the early 20th century as a middle-class residential area with single-family homes, some duplexes and apartment buildings. It is still considered a highly regarded residential area with a high occupancy rate.</p><br>
<p>The district presently covers about 127 acres and includes 415 contributing resources and 148 non-contributing resources.</p><br>
<p>Tulsa Parks and Swan Lake Waterfowl Society partner to ensure viability of resident swans and other riparian birds. Society cares for and feeds waterfowl; park staff maintains shore habitat.</p><br>
<p>Neighborhood events such as September block party, Halloween parade and costume contest, November&#39;s "Lights on Swan Lake" foster community spirit and public participation. Such a rich history of community involvement has created a neighborhood of natural and manmade beauty. From the early beginning there has been a focus on creating an atmosphere of interaction between people and nature. Currently a hot spot for bird watches the 4 acre Swan Lake Park provides walking paths, ornamental stone fountains, thematic sculptures, and seasonal Lighting provides a perfect area for relaxation. Also in the area are two important sculptures that capture the essence of the park</p><br>
<p>The larger-than-life bronze of a trumpeter swan in-flight located at park entrance.</p><br>
<p>"Enchantment," a boy with a swan, relocated from 1934 Chicago World&#39;s Fair.</p><br>
<p>Swan Lake was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 20, 1998 under National Register criteria A and C. Its NRIS number is 98000140.</p><br>
<h2>Great American Place</h2><br>
<p>The United States is rich in culturally historic neighborhoods sometimes in plain sight or hidden among the many streets of the many large cities across the country. Each significant in their own way to their own communities yet some have been identified as “Great Places in America: Neighborhoods” by the American Planning Association. The American Planning Association (APA) is an independent, not-for-profit organization that supports and advocates community planning through educational and citizen empowerment. The Swan Lake Neighborhood has been identified along with nine other neighborhoods as 2011&#39;s “Great Places In America: Neighborhoods”. An APA program celebrates communities with a true sense of place, culture and historical interest, community involvement, and vision that set the standard of excellence. It is a great honor for this neighborhood to be identified as an area of exemplary character, planning, and quality by the national organization. The Swan Lake Neighborhood is a community that should be celebrated and learned from to help spread this high standard across the country.</p><br>
<h2>Marquette School</h2><br>
<p>According to the Tulsa Preservation Commission, Marquette School, the parish school for Christ the King Catholic Church, is a contributing resource for the Swan Lake Historical District. The school is at 1519 South Quincy Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Amenities not in the District</h2><br>
<p>There are some shopping areas along the streets that border the District (especially 15th Street and Peoria Avenue), they are rather limited in scope. Utica Square, located at 21st Street and Utica Avenue is the largest general shopping area close to the District. The St. John&#39;s medical complex is across Utica on the east side of the District.</p><br>
<p>St. Rose Priory is a house of the Dominican Order located near Springfield, Kentucky. It is the first foundation of that Order in the United States, and the first Catholic educational institution west of the Allegheny Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The St. Rose Roman Catholic Church Complex including the priory, the church, and a guesthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The land for the priory was purchased by (then) Father Edward Dominic Fenwick, O.P. (later Bishop of Cincinnati) in July 1806 with money received from an inheritance. He bought an existing farm west of Springfield, Kentucky. Construction began shortly thereafter, including a church, priory, and college. The college was begun in 1808 but the building was not finished until 1812. It was named Saint Thomas&#39; College, after St. Thomas Aquinas. Its most famous student was Jefferson Davis, the future president of the Confederacy during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The church was named for St. Rose. Though not designated a cathedral, the church served in the role of a cathedral until the Basilica of Saint Joseph Proto-Cathedral could be built in nearby Bardstown, Kentucky. The church is in a stone Tudor-Gothic style architecture and includes an octagonal tower. The Bardstown diocese was the first diocese west of the Allegheny mountains, with its first and only bishop, Benedict Joseph Flaget as spiritual leader of that diocese. Though not the first Catholic church building in Kentucky (this honor belonged to St. Ann in nearby Springfield, a log cabin church) the church was the first brick church in Kentucky. It is sometimes referred to as a "proto-priory".</p><br>
<p>A convent was added about 1822, an order of the Dominicans. Later this convent moved to another location in Washington County, Kentucky and founded Saint Catharine College.</p><br>
<p>Although Saint Thomas Aquinas College closed in 1828, the priory continued, including an education role as a seminary, novitiate, elementary and higher educational levels.</p><br>
<p>The present church of St. Rose was erected in 1854. Part of the original brick church of 1809 was preserved and is now the Eucharistic Chapel. The brick was covered with a cement mixture to blend with the limestone of the newer church.</p><br>
<p>The original St. Rose church remains, though much of the old priory buildings (including the college and old novitiate) were torn down in 1978. The grounds also include one of the original cemeteries in Washington County, Kentucky. Some graves date to the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Kilgore Fort House is a historic site located in Scott County, Virginia at 190 West Jackson Street, Gate City, Virginia. Fort houses were built to provide protection for individual families during the period from 1773 to about 1795 when attacks by Native Americans on the pioneer settlers were common. The Kilgore Fort House was built about 1790 by the Reverend Robert Kilgore, and is the only surviving example of its type in southwest Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The Kilgore Fort House was restored in 1973&ndash;74. There are two stories, with two rooms on each story. The rooms on each floor were separated by a timber partition. The rooms have been arranged so that if they were attacked they could retreat into the next, until a final stand could be made in the northeast room of the second floor. The original building was constructed without windows, but had small openings for gun ports, which feature emphasizes its defensive purpose. The doors were made of heavy timbers and inside held shut with a heavy bar. The house was made of trimmed white oak log timbers, each of which was notched at the end to receive the timber from the adjacent wall. Gaps between timbers were chinked with mud. A large stone fireplace and chimney on the northeast side was provided for cooking and heating.</p><br>
<p>Despite its obvious defensive design, there is no record of the fort house being attacked by Indians. A story persists in the county that Cherokee Indians once camped on the far bank of Copper Creek, but that is unlikely since the far bank is a cliff. The fort house is on a natural crossing on Copper Creek that is still used today. Older residents remember when cars would ford the creek at this spot; at least two bridges, including the current one, have been built here. Unused bridge pilings still exist in the creek.</p><br>
<p>The Kilgore Fort House is also called the Kilgore Fort, but unlike the popular idea of a frontier fort, it had no walls around it. Instead it is simply a log home designed for defense, hence the term fort house.</p><br>
<p>The Reeves-Reed Arboretum ) is a nonprofit arboretum and garden located at 165 Hobart Avenue in Summit, Union County, New Jersey, United States. It is the only arboretum in Union County. A popular wedding spot, the arboretum grounds are open daily from dawn till dusk, free of charge.</p><br>
<h2>History & landscape architecture</h2><br>
<p>The property was originally traversed by Lenni Lenape Native Americans on their route from the coast near Elizabeth to the highlands near Schooley&#39;s Mountain. During the American Revolutionary War, it was farmed, and was adjacent to the site of the Old Sow cannon and the signal beacon atop Beacon Hill on the Second Watchung Mountain.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, John Hornor Wisner, a merchant in the China trade, purchased the property for a country estate—some 12 acres from the Swain farm. John and Isabelle Wisner, whose three children had been born in China, hired New York architects Babb, Cook and Willard to build a Colonial Revival house, sited facing south with extensive views over the rolling hills. The Wisners moved to their stylish new home and called it "The Clearing." Working with noted landscape architect Calvert Vaux, they planted specimen trees and created flower beds and a meandering path around the property. In 1916, new owners, Richard and Susie Reeves, purchased the estate. Susie Reeves expanded the gardens, guided by prominent landscape architects Ellen Biddle Shipman (1924) and Carl F. Pilat (1924-1925), adding a rose garden in 1925. The Charles L. Reed family became the last private owners in 1968, adding an herb garden. In 1974, the estate was preserved as a public arboretum by the City of Summit.</p><br>
<h2>Specialty gardens</h2><br>
<p>The gardens are a beautifully maintained example of early 20th century landscape architecture, also known as the Country Place Era. Italianate in character, the garden layout is symmetrical and axial, creating formal garden rooms off a main axis from the house.</p><br>
<p>The Gretchen Keller Azalea Garden (designed by Shipman and Pilat) and Rock Garden contain about 850 shrubs and 25 trees. Its peak bloom is in May, with the dogwoods, azaleas, lilacs, deutzia and crabapples.</p><br>
<p>The Susie Graham Reeves Rose Garden contains 286 rose bushes, representing over 150 varieties of roses, including floribundas and hybrid teas laid out in a traditional circle-in-a-square design. The central feature of the rose garden is a cherub fountain from the Reeves period. Old fashioned roses flank the formal garden, and climbing roses are trained on posts and chains.</p><br>
<p>Features: Wesson Nature Grove, Lilac Garden, Herb Garden, Vernal Pool, Woodland Trails (hiking paths), and tours.</p><br>
<h2>Programs & events</h2><br>
<p>Daffodil Day Over 30,000 daffodils bloom in a glacial bowl in front of Wisner House each April. The Arboretum hosts its annual Daffodil Day event to celebrate. The original flowers were planted by Susie Graham Reeves in the 1920s. Since 2014, the Arboretum has used a small herd of Nubian goats to remove excess vegetation and weeds.</p><br>
<p>Celebrate Fall Annually, the Arboretum hosts a celebration of autumn with events such as, seasonal cooking demonstrations and pumpkin carving.</p><br>
<p>Other events at the garden have included a Maple Sugar Fest, Great American Backyard Campout, Holiday House Tour, and Sounds of a Summer Night.</p><br>
<p>Features: Wesson Nature Grove, Lilac Garden, Herb Garden, Vernal Pool, Woodland Trails (hiking paths), and tours.</p><br>
<p>Square Foot Gardening A pilot program started in 2018 is designed to provide children with a connection to nature through organic vegetable gardening.</p><br>
<p>Educational Programs Children in school groups visit the Arboretum for field trips on science topics, and scout groups earn badges from special programs. In summer, kids attend a wide variety of weekly nature-themed camps, organized by age. Adults visit for sessions such as Gardening 101 and Backyard Bird Feeding tips, as well as related special collaborations with arts organizations.</p><br>
<p>Evergreen Cemetery and Crematory is a cemetery and crematorium located at 1137 North Broad Street, Hillside, Union County, New Jersey. Parts of it are in Hillside, Elizabeth, and Newark.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is listed on both the New Jersey Register and the National Register of Historic Places, since 1991.</p><br>
<p>Notable graves include authors Stephen Crane, Mary Mapes Dodge and Edward Stratemeyer. Six former USA Congressmen (including one who became Senator) and one non-voting delegate (from Alaska) are buried there as well.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery also is known for having a section of plots devoted to Romani "gypsy" families.</p><br>
<p>It is adjacent to Weequahic Golf Course.</p><br>
<p>King of the Gypsies was filmed there with Shelley Winters.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>James Vote Bomford (1811–1892), Civil War Union Brevet Brigadier General</p><br>
<p>William Brant Jr. (1842–1898), Civil War Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>John Brisbin (1818–1880), USA Representative from Pennsylvania&#39;s 11th congressional district, 1851</p><br>
<p>William Chetwood (1771–1857), USA Representative from New Jersey at-large, 1836–37</p><br>
<p>Adoniram Judson Clark (1838–1913), Civil War Union Army officer</p><br>
<p>Amos Clark Jr. (1828–1912), USA Representative from New Jersey&#39;s 3rd congressional district, 1873–75</p><br>
<p>Stephen Crane (1871–1900), author; known for his war novel The Red Badge of Courage (1895)</p><br>
<p>Barton Wood Currie (1877–1962), American journalist and author</p><br>
<p>Mary Mapes Dodge (1831–1905), author; known for her novel Hans Brinker or the Silver Skates (1865)</p><br>
<p>James M. Drake (1837–1913), Civil War Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>George F. Houston (1896–1944), Broadway and Hollywood actor</p><br>
<p>Adolphus J. Johnson (1815–1893), Civil War Union Army officer</p><br>
<p>Phineas Jones (1819–1884), represented New Jersey&#39;s 6th congressional district, 1881–83</p><br>
<p>Abraham Kaiser (1852–1912), businessman and politician</p><br>
<p>John Kean (1852–1914), USA Representative from New Jersey&#39;s 3rd congressional district, 1883–85, 1887–89; United States Senator from New Jersey</p><br>
<p>Rufus King Jr. (1838–1900), Civil War Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>William J. Magie (1832–1917), Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court 1880–1900, serving as Chief Justice from 1897 to 1900</p><br>
<p>Luther Martin (1827–1863), Civil War Union Army officer</p><br>
<p>Edward Stratemeyer (1862–1930), author and creator of The Hardy Boys (1927) and Nancy Drew (1930) book series</p><br>
<p>Charles August Sulzer (1879–1919), delegate to USA Congress from Alaska Territory, 1917–19</p><br>
<p>William Sulzer (1863–1941), Governor of New York in 1913 who was impeached and removed from office later that year</p><br>
<p>Homer W. Wheeler (1848–1930), USA army officer and author</p><br>
<p>Travelers Rest, also known as Old Stone House, is a historic home located near Burlington, Mineral County, West Virginia. It was built as a stagecoach stop to service the Northwestern Turnpike. It serviced the corridor between Winchester, Virginia and Parkersburg, Virginia . The house is believed to have been built in two phases, in 1827 or as early as 1810, and is a stone, Ell-shaped building executed in a vernacular adaptation of the Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The property is now owned by The Mineral County Historical Foundation. It is being restored and will house artisans and shops for current travelers on USA Route 50.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Gruene is a German-Texan town in Comal County in the USA state of Texas. Once a significant cotton-producing community along the Guadalupe River, the town has now shifted its economy to one supported primarily by tourism. Gruene, a German surname,  is now a district within the city limits of New Braunfels, and much of it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on April 21, 1975. The city is known for its German-Texan heritage and architecture and many residents of Gruene and New Braunfels are descendants of the first German settlers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Establishment and rise to prominence</h3><br>
<p>German farmers arriving in the mid 1840s became the first European settlers of what is now known as Gruene, Texas. Ernst Gruene, one such German immigrant, arrived in New Braunfels in 1845, but acreage was scarce there. With his two sons he then purchased land along the Guadalupe River, and he built the first home in Gruene in early Fachwerk, German timber framing house style.</p><br>
<p>Ernst Gruenes second son, Heinrich (Henry) D. Gruene, built his own house (Gruene Family Home) and planted cotton. As cotton was a top crop it lured up to 30 families to Henry D.s lands. In addition to his Victorian-style home (now Gruene Mansion Inn), Henry D. was responsible for several buildings in various styles, many still standing: a Victorian cottage, a large brick home, and, for his farm foreman, a frame house (now Gruene Haus). In 1878, Gruene opened a mercantile store to serve the several dozen or so families sharecropping on his land. Originally known as "Goodwin", the town benefited by its location along the stagecoach route between Austin and San Antonio, the store thrived for many years and stimulated local commercial growth. A cotton gin (now Gristmill River Restaurant and Bar) powered by the Guadalupe River was added soon after. Gruene Hall, which opened in 1878, is one of the oldest dance halls in Texas. The Thorn Hill School and three large cotton gins soon followed. By the time the International-Great Northern Railroad was built across Comal County in the 1880s, the small community was bustling with commercial and farming activity, and officially took the name "Gruene" after its founding father and most prominent citizen.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and abandonment</h3><br>
<p>By 1900, Gruene was a prominent banking, ginning, and shipping center for area cotton farming. Though it never had a post office of its own, the community did possess two freight rail stations by the 1910s. In 1922, the original cotton gin burned and was replaced by a modern electric model down the road (now Adobe Verde). Gruene was decimated, however, by the boll weevil blight of the 1920s, and further doomed by the effects of the Great Depression. By 1930, the population had fallen to 75, and post-World War II highway construction bypassed the town. By 1950, Gruene had become a ghost town.</p><br>
<h3>Revival and renaissance</h3><br>
<p>In 1974, Chip Kaufman, a UT Austin architecture student, began working to get Gruene on the National Register of Historic Places and sought new owners for properties in the historic district.</p><br>
<p>Among the new owners was Pat Molak, who purchased Gruene Hall in 1975. Molak and his friend Mary Jane Nalley purchased and repaired several of the town&#39;s notable structures and transformed them into thriving businesses.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the restoration of area structures, such as Gruene Hall and the old mercantile store, Gruene began a rebirth of sorts in the early 1970s. Redevelopment and restoration of the area continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s and today, and though no longer an autonomous community (it was annexed by New Braunfels in 1979), Gruene maintains a thriving tourist business. Many original structures from the town&#39;s heyday still exist, including the Gruene Family Home, a Victorian-style edifice built in 1872 which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and today operates as the Gruene Mansion Inn. A historic water tower rises above Gruene Hall, and other buildings at the heart of the district have been renovated into shops and restaurants. There is also a wine-tasting room.</p><br>
<h2>Significant buildings</h2><br>
<p>Gruene Hall, 6,000 square-foot, open-air dance hall which is one of the oldest in Texas</p><br>
<p>Gruene Family Home</p><br>
<p>Gruene Cotton Gin</p><br>
<p>Gruene Hall, built in 1878 by Henry  D. Gruene and located in the historical town of Gruene, Texas , bills itself as "the oldest continually run dance hall in Texas". By design, not much has physically changed since the hall was first built. The 6,000 ft2 dance hall with a high-pitched tin roof still has the original layout with side flaps for open-air dancing, a bar in the front, a small lighted stage in the back, and a huge outdoor garden. Advertisement signs from the 1930s and 1940s still hang in the old hall and around the stage.</p><br>
<p>Under the current ownership, Gruene Hall has become internationally recognized as a destination tourist attraction and major music venue for up-and-coming as well as established artists. Gruene Hall has hosted such acts as Garth Brooks, Willie Nelson, Merle Haggard, LeAnn Rimes, George Strait, Townes Van Zandt, Jerry Jeff Walker, Lyle Lovett, Hal Ketchum, and Gregg Allman. A focus on original music has made Gruene Hall an iconic music venue, helping to jump-start the careers of Lovett, Townes Van Zandt, Ketchum, Bruce Robison, Nanci Griffith, Ryan Bingham, Jimmy Dale Gilmore, Robert Earl Keen, Lucinda Williams, and many others.</p><br>
<h2>Films and photography</h2><br>
<p>In 1996, the hall was used as a set for Michael, starring John Travolta.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, Gruene Hall was shown in the movie Coyote Funeral.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, George Strait&#39;s album Twang CD cover and insert photos were taken at Gruene Hall.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, ZZ Top did interviews and played live music for many parts of the documentary That Little ol&#39; Band from Texas at the dance hall. At the end of the documentary, they walk out to the front of the dance hall in Gruene, with a clear view of some of the town, and drive off together into the horizon.</p><br>
<p>In 2021, Gruene Hall was featured in an episode of the TV show Landmarks: The Stages of Country Music (S01 E02).</p><br>
<h2>Album and music video recordings</h2><br>
<p>In 1989, Jerry Jeff Walker recorded his live album Jerry Jeff Walker – Live At Gruene Hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, Wade Hayes shot his country music video "Old Enough to Know Better" at Gruene Hall.</p><br>
<p>On November 16, 2016, George Strait gave a private surprise show at Gruene Hall, to perform a nearly two hour set in celebration of his then new album, Strait Out of the Box: Part 2.</p><br>
<p>On February 16, 2019, LeAnn Rimes recorded Rimes: Live at Gruene Hall during a live concert at Gruene Hall, which was released on April 13, 2019.</p><br>
<p>In 2022, Scotty McCreery filmed his music video "Damn Strait" at Gruene Hall. It holds a special meaning to McCreery since he is a George Strait fan and its the venue is where George Strait started and where he got his record deal which launched his career. After the video was released George Strait gave it his approval. The song turned out to be a #1 on Country Radio for McCreery.</p><br>
<h2>List of past performers</h2><br>
<p>Josh Abbott Band</p><br>
<p>Gregg Allman</p><br>
<p>Asleep at the Wheel</p><br>
<p>David Ball</p><br>
<p>Pat Benatar</p><br>
<p>Dierks Bentley</p><br>
<p>Ryan Bingham</p><br>
<p>Clint Black</p><br>
<p>Garth Brooks</p><br>
<p>Gatemouth Brown</p><br>
<p>Junior Brown</p><br>
<p>Johnny Bush</p><br>
<p>Mark Chesnutt</p><br>
<p>Guy Clark</p><br>
<p>Guy Clark Jr.</p><br>
<p>David Allan Coe</p><br>
<p>Albert Collins</p><br>
<p>Kevin Costner & Modern West</p><br>
<p>Roger Creager</p><br>
<p>Charley Crockett</p><br>
<p>Rodney Crowell</p><br>
<p>Charlie Daniels</p><br>
<p>Bo Diddley</p><br>
<p>Amber Digby</p><br>
<p>Dixie Chicks</p><br>
<p>Casey Donahew</p><br>
<p>Steve Earle</p><br>
<p>Melissa Etheridge</p><br>
<p>Fabulous Thunderbirds</p><br>
<p>Radney Foster</p><br>
<p>Kevin Fowler</p><br>
<p>Jimmie Dale Gilmore</p><br>
<p>Pat Green</p><br>
<p>Patty Griffin</p><br>
<p>Nanci Griffith</p><br>
<p>Arlo Guthrie</p><br>
<p>Buddy Guy</p><br>
<p>Merle Haggard</p><br>
<p>Emmylou Harris</p><br>
<p>Wade Hayes</p><br>
<p>Levon Helm</p><br>
<p>John Hiatt</p><br>
<p>Hootie and the Blowfish</p><br>
<p>Ray Wylie Hubbard</p><br>
<p>Jack Ingram</p><br>
<p>Chris Isaak</p><br>
<p>Flaco Jimenez</p><br>
<p>Wynonna Judd</p><br>
<p>Robert Earl Keen</p><br>
<p>Reckless Kelly</p><br>
<p>Kentucky Thunder</p><br>
<p>Hal Ketchum</p><br>
<p>B. B. King</p><br>
<p>Randall King</p><br>
<p>Kris Kristofferson</p><br>
<p>Miranda Lambert</p><br>
<p>Jerry Lee Lewis</p><br>
<p>Little Feat</p><br>
<p>Lyle Lovett</p><br>
<p>Loretta Lynn</p><br>
<p>Los Lobos</p><br>
<p>Los Lonely Boys</p><br>
<p>Los Texmaniacs</p><br>
<p>Taj Mahal</p><br>
<p>Raul Malo</p><br>
<p>Ziggy Marley</p><br>
<p>The Mavericks</p><br>
<p>Delbert McClinton</p><br>
<p>Scotty McCreery</p><br>
<p>Augie Meyers</p><br>
<p>Midland</p><br>
<p>Mike and the Moonpies</p><br>
<p>Ronnie Milsap</p><br>
<p>Keb Mo</p><br>
<p>John Michael Montgomery</p><br>
<p>Cory Morrow</p><br>
<p>Michael Martin Murphey</p><br>
<p>Kacey Musgraves</p><br>
<p>Emilio Navaira</p><br>
<p>Willie Nelson</p><br>
<p>Aaron Neville</p><br>
<p>Nitty Gritty Dirt Band</p><br>
<p>Lee Roy Parnell</p><br>
<p>The Peterson Brothers</p><br>
<p>Poco</p><br>
<p>Ray Price</p><br>
<p>Charlie Pride</p><br>
<p>John Prine</p><br>
<p>Pure Prairie League</p><br>
<p>Dennis Quaid and the Sharks</p><br>
<p>Little Richard</p><br>
<p>LeAnn Rimes</p><br>
<p>Bruce Robison</p><br>
<p>Charlie Robison</p><br>
<p>Randy Rogers Band</p><br>
<p>Todd Rundgren</p><br>
<p>Leon Russell</p><br>
<p>Doug Sahm</p><br>
<p>Boz Scaggs</p><br>
<p>Billy Joe Shaver</p><br>
<p>Ricky Skaggs</p><br>
<p>Marty Stuart</p><br>
<p>George Strait</p><br>
<p>Doug Supernaw</p><br>
<p>Koko Taylor</p><br>
<p>Three Dog Night</p><br>
<p>Mel Tillis</p><br>
<p>Texas Tornados</p><br>
<p>Wayne Toups</p><br>
<p>Randy Travis</p><br>
<p>Travis Tritt</p><br>
<p>Ernest Tubb</p><br>
<p>Tanya Tucker</p><br>
<p>The Marshall Tucker Band</p><br>
<p>Turnpike Troubadours</p><br>
<p>Jerry Jeff Walker</p><br>
<p>Colter Wall</p><br>
<p>The Wallflowers</p><br>
<p>Aaron Watson</p><br>
<p>Lucinda Williams</p><br>
<p>Lee Ann Womack</p><br>
<p>Dwight Yoakam</p><br>
<p>Eli Young Band</p><br>
<p>Townes Van Zandt</p><br>
<p>ZZ Top</p><br>
<p>Herkimer Home State Historic Site is a historic house museum in Herkimer County, New York, United States. Herkimer Home is in the north part of the Town of Danube, south of the Mohawk River.</p><br>
<p>The home was built in 1764 by Nicholas Herkimer, who died there in 1777 from wounds suffered in the Battle of Oriskany. He is also buried there. In 1834, the house was owned by Nicholas Herkimer&#39;s nephew, John Herkimer.</p><br>
<h2>Services and activities</h2><br>
<p>The site offers a picnic area, scenic views, a visitor center, tours, re-enactments, gardens, and hiking.</p><br>
<h2>Attempted closure</h2><br>
<p>In 2010, Democratic Governor David Paterson attempted to close the park due to budget cuts. Opposition to the closure was strong, and the park remained open.</p><br>
<p>The Ford Richmond Plant, formally the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant, in Richmond, California, was the largest assembly plant to be built on the West Coast and its conversion to wartime production during World War II aided the United States&#39; war effort. The plant is part of the Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It currently houses the National Park Service visitor center, several private businesses and the Craneway Pavilion, an event venue.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1930 during the Great Depression, the assembly plant measures nearly 500,000 square feet (46,450 m). The factory was a major stimulant to the local and regional economy and was an important development in Richmonds inner harbor and port plan. Ford became Richmonds third largest employer, behind Standard Oil and the Santa Fe Railroad. It is also an outstanding example of 20th-century industrial architecture designed by architect Albert Kahn, known for his "daylight factory" design, which employed extensive window openings that became his trademark. The main building is composed of a two-story section, a single-story section, a craneway, a boiler house and a shed canopy structure over the railroad track.</p><br>
<h2>World War II</h2><br>
<p>To ensure that America prepared for total war by mobilizing all the industrial might of the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt banned the production of civilian automobiles during World War II. The Richmond Ford Assembly Plant switched to assembling jeeps and to putting the finishing touches on tanks, half-tracked armored personnel carriers, armored cars and other military vehicles destined for the Pacific Theater. By July 1942, military combat vehicles began flowing into the Richmond Ford plant to get final processing before being transported out the deep-water channel to the war zones. The "Richmond Tank Depot" (only one of three tank depots in the country) as the Ford plant was then called, helped keep American fighting men supplied with up-to-the-minute improvements in their battle equipment. Approximately 49,000 jeeps were assembled and 91,000 other military vehicles were processed here.</p><br>
<p>In mobilizing the wartime production effort to its full potential, Federal military authorities and private industry began to work closely together on a scale never seen before in American history. This laid the groundwork for what became known as the "military-industrial complex" during the Cold War years. This Assembly Plant was one cog in the mobilization of the "Arsenal of Democracy" and a historic part of what is today&#39;s industrial culture of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Post-war</h2><br>
<p>After the war, the devastation to the local economy as a result of the closing of the Richmond Shipyards would have been crippling had it not been for the continued production of the Ford Plant. The last Ford was assembled in February 1953, with the plant being closed in 1956 and production transferred to the San Jose Assembly Plant because of the inability to accommodate increased productivity demands.</p><br>
<p>The plant was featured in the movie Tucker: The Man and His Dream. Principal photography started with first unit shooting on April 13, 1987 in the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Richmond, California.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake severely damaged the plant. After the earthquake, the City of Richmond repaired and prepared the Ford Assembly building for rehabilitation and selected Orton Development as the developer of the rehabilitation project. In 2008, after the buildings rehabilitation was completed, tenants including SunPower Corporation and Mountain Hardwear made the building their new home. The craneway ("Craneway Pavilion") of the building is also used for banquets, weddings, and corporate events. In 2018, the Craneway Conference Center was the venue for West Edge Operas summer opera festival. In April 2020, Contra Costa County officials announced that the Craneway Pavilion would be converted into a 250-bed hospital for COVID-19 patients who do not require an intensive care unit level of care, which has since closed. The California National Guard helped set up the facility. Currently, the Craneway Pavilion is used for a privately run pickleball and ping-pong hall, open to paying customers.</p><br>
